這是一個(gè)關(guān)于漢英翻譯基礎(chǔ)教程PPT，主要介紹了概論、漢英翻譯基本知識(shí)、詞的翻譯、句子的翻譯、語(yǔ)篇的翻譯等內(nèi)容。漢英翻譯教程南華大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系課程簡(jiǎn)介課程描述本課程運(yùn)用漢英對(duì)比的翻譯教學(xué)方法，圍繞三個(gè)方面來(lái)組織課堂教學(xué)：一、從漢語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換；二、從漢語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)的思維轉(zhuǎn)換；三、把漢語(yǔ)的文化概念和內(nèi)容譯介、輸入到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中去。課程基本內(nèi)容概論、詞的翻譯、句的翻譯以及語(yǔ)篇翻譯 翻譯理論和技巧30-35%；翻譯實(shí)踐65-70% 課程目標(biāo)翻譯教學(xué)的總體遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)合格的譯者，而翻譯課堂的具體目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的翻譯能力。翻譯能力是以譯者的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換能力為核心，并包括譯者的知識(shí)能力、創(chuàng)造能力、文化能力、交際能力和自我約束的能力。 目錄概論漢英翻譯基本知識(shí)詞的翻譯句子的翻譯語(yǔ)篇的翻譯 1 概論 1.1翻譯的性質(zhì)和類型 1.2漢英翻譯的單位 1.3漢英翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1.4漢英翻譯對(duì)譯者素養(yǎng)的要求，歡迎點(diǎn)擊下載漢英翻譯基礎(chǔ)教程PPT哦。

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漢英翻譯教程南華大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系課程簡(jiǎn)介課程描述本課程運(yùn)用漢英對(duì)比的翻譯教學(xué)方法，圍繞三個(gè)方面來(lái)組織課堂教學(xué)：一、從漢語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換；二、從漢語(yǔ)到英語(yǔ)的思維轉(zhuǎn)換；三、把漢語(yǔ)的文化概念和內(nèi)容譯介、輸入到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中去。課程基本內(nèi)容概論、詞的翻譯、句的翻譯以及語(yǔ)篇翻譯 翻譯理論和技巧30-35%；翻譯實(shí)踐65-70% 課程目標(biāo)翻譯教學(xué)的總體遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)合格的譯者，而翻譯課堂的具體目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的翻譯能力。翻譯能力是以譯者的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換能力為核心，并包括譯者的知識(shí)能力、創(chuàng)造能力、文化能力、交際能力和自我約束的能力。 目錄概論漢英翻譯基本知識(shí)詞的翻譯句子的翻譯語(yǔ)篇的翻譯 1 概論 1.1翻譯的性質(zhì)和類型 1.2漢英翻譯的單位 1.3漢英翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1.4漢英翻譯對(duì)譯者素養(yǎng)的要求 1.1翻譯的性質(zhì)和類型 1.1.1 翻譯的概念(或性質(zhì)): 1) 翻譯是跨語(yǔ)言(cross-linguistic)、跨文化(cross-cultural)、跨社會(huì)(cross-social)的交際活動(dòng)。 2) 翻譯是將一種語(yǔ)言文化承載的意義轉(zhuǎn)換到另一種語(yǔ)言文化中的跨語(yǔ)言，跨文化的交際活動(dòng)。 Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. 3）翻譯的本質(zhì)是釋義，是意義的轉(zhuǎn)換. Translation is always meaning-based. 漢譯英是譯者將作者為漢語(yǔ)讀者所寫的漢語(yǔ)文本轉(zhuǎn)換成功能相似、語(yǔ)義相符、供英文讀者閱讀的英語(yǔ)文本的活動(dòng)。 翻譯是將一種文字之真義全部移至另一種文字而絕不失其風(fēng)格的神韻。（吳獻(xiàn)書(shū)，1949）翻譯是用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。（張培基，1980）翻譯的實(shí)質(zhì)是語(yǔ)際的意義轉(zhuǎn)換。（劉宓慶，1990）翻譯的定義應(yīng)該是：“將一種語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)的信息用另一種語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)出來(lái)。”（蔡毅，1995）翻譯是將一種語(yǔ)言文字所蘊(yùn)含的意思用另一種語(yǔ)言文字表達(dá)出來(lái)的文化活動(dòng)。（王克非，1997）翻譯是語(yǔ)際之間的信息傳遞和語(yǔ)族之間的文化交流。（蕭立明，2001） “翻譯是一項(xiàng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行操作的工作，即用一種語(yǔ)言文本來(lái)替代另一種語(yǔ)言文本的過(guò)程。”（J.C卡特福德，1994） “翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)產(chǎn)物在保持內(nèi)容方面，也就是意義不變的情況下，改變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)產(chǎn)物的過(guò)程。”（巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫，1985） “翻譯是在接受語(yǔ)中尋找和原語(yǔ)信息盡可能按近、自然的對(duì)等話語(yǔ)，首先是意義上的對(duì)等，其次才是風(fēng)格上的對(duì)等。”（E.A奈達(dá)，1969） ——“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language， the closet natural equivalent of the source language message， first in terms of meaning， and secondly in terms of style.” “翻譯乃是與語(yǔ)言行為抉擇密切相關(guān)的一種語(yǔ)際信息傳遞的特殊方式。”（沃爾夫拉姆·威爾斯，1982） "翻譯是一種跨文化的信息交流與交換的活動(dòng)，其本質(zhì)是傳播。" （呂俊，1997）。 1.1.2 翻譯的類型 1) Direction: source language-target/receptor language (從譯出語(yǔ)和譯入語(yǔ)角度來(lái)看): a. from foreign language into Chinese b. from Chinese into foreign language 2) Language symbols involved (從涉及的語(yǔ)言符號(hào)來(lái)看): a. intra-lingual translation (語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯) b. inter-lingual translation (語(yǔ)際翻譯) c. inter-semiotic translation (符際翻譯) 3) Method of translation (從翻譯手段來(lái)看) a. oral interpretation (口譯) b. written translation (筆譯) c. computer/machine translation (機(jī)器翻譯) 4) Subject of translation (從翻譯題材來(lái)看) a. specialized-subject translation (專業(yè)性翻譯) b. literary translation (文學(xué)翻譯) c. general translation (一般性翻譯) 5) Way of translation (從翻譯方式上來(lái)看) a. complete/absolute translation (全譯) b. selective translation (摘譯) c. edit and translation/ translation with reconstruction (編譯) 1.2漢英翻譯的單位翻譯單位是翻譯研究和學(xué)習(xí)翻譯不可忽視的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樗鼱可娴皆谡Z(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程中，在什么層級(jí)上實(shí)現(xiàn)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言層級(jí)都有詞(word)，短語(yǔ)(phrase)，句子(sentence)，段落(paragraph)和篇章(text)。以篇章為翻譯單位，固然最理想，有時(shí)會(huì)太大不可能操作。 以段落作為翻譯單位有時(shí)很長(zhǎng)單復(fù)句關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜，初學(xué)者不容易把握。 對(duì)初學(xué)者而言，句子是較為理想的翻譯單位。因?yàn)椋?從意義上講，句子能夠表示一個(gè)完整意思；從功能上講，句子表示陳述，疑問(wèn)，祈使，感嘆等語(yǔ)氣；從形態(tài)上講，句子末端有句號(hào)，問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)為標(biāo)志。 這些都是句子在層級(jí)上高于詞和詞組之處。漢語(yǔ)的句子，在理解時(shí)容易識(shí)別，較容易分析，在表達(dá)時(shí)又較容易重構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)換成與之對(duì)應(yīng)的英語(yǔ)句子。必須注意的是，一個(gè)句子與相鄰的句子之間存在一定語(yǔ)義的關(guān)聯(lián)，這種關(guān)聯(lián)總在以顯性或隱性的方式連接在一起.正確地理解一個(gè)句子往往不僅要看它本身，往往還要依賴于與它相鄰的句子甚至整個(gè)篇章，所以孤立地翻譯句子而忽視句際之間的關(guān)系是不可取的. 1.3 漢英翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(criteria) Criteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for. 1.3.1 Source-language–oriented principle(以譯出語(yǔ)為取向的原則). Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text， always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration. e.g. 他是只紙老虎 He is a paper tiger. 這事讓他丟臉 This makes him lose face. it rains cats and dogs (?) the Milky Way (?) the apple of one’s eye (?) 2) Target-language-oriented principle (以譯入語(yǔ)為取向的原則) Liberal / free translation: e.g.: What is done is done. 木已成舟 Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石 Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptation for the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes. 三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮 Two heads are better than one. 1.3.2Author- and – reader-oriented principle (以作者和讀者為取向的原則) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration， and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time. 18世紀(jì)英國(guó)愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)教授，翻譯理論家泰特勒(Alexander F. Tytler)提出的三條翻譯基本原理： 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （譯文應(yīng)該完全傳達(dá)原文的思想） 2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. （譯文的風(fēng)格與筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的一致） 3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. （譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢）玄奘: 既須求真又須喻俗 嚴(yán)復(fù): (《天演論》卷首的《譯例言》)　“信、達(dá)、雅”　( faithfulness， expressiveness and elegance ) “譯事三難：信，達(dá)，雅。求其信已大難矣，顧信矣不達(dá)，雖擇猶不擇也，則達(dá)尚焉。” Yan Fu’s “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. His “expressiveness” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. So the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before that Han Dynasty. Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary， old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately. Therefore he can be said to object to the use of the vernacular or popular language of the people. As a matter of fact， the vernacular began to be in fashion when Yan Fu lived. Facts prove the vernacular or the popular language of the people can be used to translate any foreign language in the world. So many people criticized his “elegance.” Furthermore， His “elegance” can only be regarded as one style. Its opposite is the style of “boldness”. “Elegance” and “boldness ” constitute two different styles. Of course there are many other styles in translation. 魯迅 (《題未定草》)“凡是翻譯，必須兼顧兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保存著原作的豐姿．”；“信，順”（faithfulness，smoothness) 1.3.3Aesthetics-oriented principle (以美學(xué)為取向的原則) 傅雷 ：(《高老頭重譯本序》)　神似（similarity in spirit）傅雷先生模擬我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的繪畫理論，提出翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫，所求的不在形似而在神似，強(qiáng)調(diào)“重神似不重形似”。錢鐘書(shū)：化境 (sublimation / reincarnation) 許淵沖：“三美”（音美，意美，形美 the phonetic beauty， the semantic beauty， the formal beauty） 許淵沖譯毛澤東詩(shī)詞《昆侖》 而今我謂昆侖，不要這么高，不要這多雪，安得倚天抽寶劍，將汝裁為三節(jié)：一節(jié)贈(zèng)歐，一節(jié)贈(zèng)美，一節(jié)還東國(guó)。 　I would give to Europe your crest 　And to America your breast 　And leave the orient the rest. 許淵沖賀楊振寧新婚　　　振寧不老松，楊帆為小翁．　　　多寒情更熱，花好駐春風(fēng)． 　The ageless won’t grow old 　You sail with your young bride 　 love will warm winter cold 　spring will ever abide. Autumn-spring romance， a December-May couple 老夫少妻中華兒女多奇志，不愛(ài)紅裝愛(ài)武裝（毛澤東•為女民兵題照） Most Chinese daughters have a desire strong To be battle-dressed and not rosy-gowned. To face the powder and not powder the face. 　　 1.3.4 Sociosemiotics-oriented principle (以社會(huì)符號(hào)學(xué)為取向的原則) 　　Characteristics: the translator should take into consideration the meaning and function conveyed by all kinds of language symbols included. 符號(hào)學(xué)的翻譯原則：在保證特定上下文中最重要的意義優(yōu)先傳譯的前提下，盡可能多地傳遞原語(yǔ)信息的多重意義，以爭(zhēng)取原文和譯文最大限度的等值。 A) Designative / conceptual meaning (指稱意義) 　　　The relationship between the language symbol and the objective world it refers to e.g.: flower（花）　　　 He can play football. (他會(huì)踢球) B) Linguistic meaning (言內(nèi)意義): the relationship between language symbols in the level of phonetics， word syntactic and discourse. The senator picked up his hat and courage.　參議員撿起了帽子，鼓起了勇氣．(一語(yǔ)雙敘) 　　　Two ghosts walked into a bar and asked the bar tender，　“Do you serve spirits”? (雙關(guān)) C) Pragmatic meaning (語(yǔ)用意義)：It refers to the relationship between language symbols and its user， including indexical meaning(表征意義)， expressive meaning(表達(dá)意義)， social meaning(社會(huì)意義)， imperative meaning(祈使意義)， associative meaning(聯(lián)想意義). Leech(1974: 10-26)意義七分說(shuō)概念意義(conceptual meaning) 主位意義(thematic meaning) 聯(lián)想意義(associative meaning) 含蓄意義(connotative meaning)、文體意義(stylistic meaning)、情感意義(affective meaning)、折射意義(reflected meaning)、搭配意義(collocative meaning) 對(duì)語(yǔ)言具備的功能，翻譯家和語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的看法基本一致，只是劃分的類別出有粗細(xì)之分，綜合各家之見(jiàn)，(陳宏薇將之)分為: 1. 信息功能 (informative function) e.g. Gold melts at 300 degrees Fahrenheit. 2. 表情功能 (expressive function) e.g. I’m extremely sorry about… 3. 人際 /寒暄功能 (interpersonal / phatic function) e.g. How are you? Thank you for being with us! Good night! 4. 呼喚/祈使功能 (vocative function) e.g. Come here! 5. 美感功能 (aesthetic function) e.g. My love’s a red rose 6. 認(rèn)知功能 (cognitive function) * man has to use language to think ， during the process， the language is performing the ~ 7. 元語(yǔ)言功能 (metalingual function) e.g. Chinese is a tonal language 西方最流行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是等值(equivalent value)，等效(equivalent effect)，功能對(duì)等(functional equivalence)。陳宏薇：“功能相似，語(yǔ)意相符”(similarity in function and correspondence in meaning) 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)魯迅：信，順（faithfulness，smoothness) 嚴(yán)復(fù)：信，達(dá)，雅（faithfulness， expressiveness， elegance） 劉重德：信，達(dá)，切 （faithfulness， expressiveness， closeness）傅雷：神似（similarity in spirit）錢鐘書(shū)：化境 (sublimation) 譯者素養(yǎng) “翻譯工作是一件艱苦的工作。有時(shí)候翻譯比創(chuàng)作還要困難” ------郭沫若 About a half century ago， the late respected and beloved premier Zhou Enlai， in an interview with students of Beijing Foreign Languages Institute (now Beijing Foreign Studies University)， strengthened the “basic training” in the three essential aspects: the enhancement of our political consciousness， the betterment of our command of the relevant languages， and the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge. 深厚的語(yǔ)言功底 (a good command of the source and target language) 廣博的文化知識(shí) (a wide range and scope of knowledge) 高度的責(zé)任感 (a high responsibility) 深厚的語(yǔ)言功底外文水平高中文水平高語(yǔ)法意識(shí) * 他發(fā)現(xiàn)前人研究地理的記載有很多不很可靠的地方。 He found there were many unreliable points in the geography record which be researched by the people before. He found there were many unreliable points in the geographic records kept by his predecessors. 慣用法意識(shí)連貫意識(shí)慣用法意識(shí)列舉 1.你要有所弋獲，則必須在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷深入。 2.陳先生乃中國(guó)學(xué)界泰斗，他的那本書(shū)似為漢語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)研究的嚆矢。 3.當(dāng)今澳洲文壇執(zhí)牛耳者帕特里克.懷特的作品相當(dāng)費(fèi)解。 4.在舊中國(guó)，小人當(dāng)?shù)溃�瓦釜雷鳴的情形屢見(jiàn)不鮮。 5.婚姻不自由是當(dāng)時(shí)勃谿時(shí)起的原因之一。 6.那研究生英年好學(xué)，矻矻三載，終使其論文得以付梓。 7.那位學(xué)貫中西的我國(guó)學(xué)者和英文大師，年輕時(shí)赴美負(fù)笈哈佛一年，即得碩士。 8.不少人認(rèn)為“信、達(dá)、雅”是嚴(yán)復(fù)的戛戛獨(dú)造，并奉之為譯事之圭臬。 9.那地方是塊肥肉，誰(shuí)都想吃。連貫意識(shí)列舉那人一只大手，向他攤著；一只手卻撮著一個(gè)鮮紅的饅頭，那紅的還是一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地往下滴。 （魯迅《藥》） This man was thrusting one huge extended hand towards him， while in the other he held a roll of steamed bread， from which crimson drops were dripping to the ground.（楊憲益、戴乃迭譯） 廣博的文化知識(shí)相關(guān)國(guó)家的文化背景知識(shí)漢英兩種語(yǔ)言所反映的中西文化差異知識(shí)翻譯理論及與翻譯研究相關(guān)學(xué)科的知識(shí) 高度的責(zé)任感嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、端正的工作態(tài)度（譯前準(zhǔn)備、翻譯之時(shí)、譯后校核）敬業(yè)、樂(lè)業(yè)的主人公意識(shí)政治覺(jué)悟高 The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敵人殺害了我們一位同志，我們?cè)琢艘粋�(gè)敵特。 The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other. 在反對(duì)狼狽為奸的地主和資本家的斗爭(zhēng)中，工人和農(nóng)民團(tuán)結(jié)一致（親如手足）。 2 漢英翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)漢英翻譯與文化中英思維方式對(duì)比漢英語(yǔ)言對(duì)比 2.1 漢英翻譯與文化 2.1.1 文化的定義與分類 "Culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation. It thus refers to the norms， values， standards by which people act， and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible. Culture is...a set of mechanisms for survival， but it provides us also with a definition of reality. It is the matrix into which we are born." (Robert Murphy， 1986: 14 ) "that complex whole which includes knowledge， belief， art， morals， law， customs， and many other capabilities and habits acquired by...[members] of society." (E.B. Taylor ， 1871) 美國(guó)著名翻譯理論家尤金.奈達(dá)定義為“某一人群及其生存環(huán)境中所特有的某種活動(dòng)、思想及其在物體和活動(dòng)中所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的物質(zhì)形式的總和”。本教材（陳宏薇）將文化定義為：文化是人類在社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中所創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)財(cái)富和精神財(cái)富的總和。（《現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)字典》第一條定義） “The definition of culture is what the society does or thinks.”(Edward Sapir) “Culture as a way of life， Culture might be defined as the ideas， customs， skills， arts， and tools which characterize a given people in a given period of time.”(H.D.Brown) Robertson said， “Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs， customs， institutions， objects and techniques which characterize the life of a human community. Culture consists of all the shared products of human society.” E.T.Hall said in 1977 that “Culture is everything and everywhere.” E.A.Hoebel and E.Frost see culture in nearly all human activity. They define culture as an “integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are not the result of biological inheritance.” Daniel Bates and Freg Plog said， “Culture is a system of shared beliefs， values， customs， behaviors， and art that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another， and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.” 戚雨村先生在《語(yǔ)言·文化·對(duì)比》一文中，對(duì)廣義文化和狹義文化作了精辟的概括：“廣義的文化指人類社會(huì)歷史實(shí)踐過(guò)程中所創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)財(cái)富和精神財(cái)富的總和，狹義的文化指社會(huì)意識(shí)形態(tài)、以及與之相適應(yīng)的制度和組織機(jī)構(gòu)；有時(shí)也特指教育、科學(xué)、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)等方面的精神財(cái)富，以便與政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事等方面的知識(shí)和設(shè)施相區(qū)別。”（見(jiàn)《外語(yǔ)研究》1992年第2期） 依據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，文化分類也林林總總。從地域分，有本土文化和外來(lái)文化、城市文化和農(nóng)村文化、東方文化和西方文化、大陸漢文化和港澳臺(tái)漢文化等；從時(shí)間分，由原始文化、奴隸制文化、封建文化、資本主義文化、社會(huì)主義文化等；從宗教信仰分，有佛教文化、道教文化、基督教文化、伊斯蘭教文化等；從生產(chǎn)方式分，有游牧文化、農(nóng)業(yè)文化、工業(yè)文化、信息文化等；從生產(chǎn)工具分，有舊石器文化、新石器文化、青銅文化；從人類把握世界的方式分，有科學(xué)文化和人文文化；從性質(zhì)分，有世界文化、民族文化、精英文化、通俗文化等；從結(jié)構(gòu)層次分，有物質(zhì)文化、制度文化、精神文化等。 2.1.2 文化、語(yǔ)言與漢英翻譯的關(guān)系語(yǔ)言與文化密不可分，文化的差異可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)言反映出來(lái)。 “Language is a means of human intercourse.” (Frisdric Engles) “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.” (Karl Marx) Language is human-specific， found only among human beings. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols， a system of signs， created by human beings and used for human communication.” (Saussure) 一、自然條件的差異 “東風(fēng)夜放花千樹(shù)”、 “等閑識(shí)得東風(fēng)面，萬(wàn)紫千紅總是春” Biting east winds; a piercing east wind; How many winter days have I seen him， standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind! “碧云天，黃花地，西風(fēng)緊，北雁南飛。曉來(lái)誰(shuí)染霜林醉？總是離人淚。”------王實(shí)甫《西廂記》 Grey are the clouds in the sky and faded are the leaves on the ground. /Bitter is the west wind as the wild geese fly from the north to the south. /How isn’t that in the morning the white-frosted tree are dyed as red as a wine flush face? /It must have been caused by the tears of those who are about to depart. ------熊式一譯 英桂冠詩(shī)人John Masefield所作Ode to the West Wind用以懷念故鄉(xiāng)Herefordshire. It’s warm wind， the west wind， full of bird’s cries /I never hear the west but tears are in my eyes， /For it comes from the west lands， the old brown hills， And April’s in the west wind， and daffodils. (那是一種溫暖的風(fēng)，西風(fēng)吹時(shí)，萬(wàn)鳥(niǎo)爭(zhēng)鳴；一聽(tīng)西風(fēng)起，我眼眶中淚盈盈，因?yàn)樗�是�?lái)自西土，那褐色的故鄉(xiāng)邊， 春天就在西風(fēng)中到來(lái)，還有水仙。------錢歌川譯) 英國(guó)是一個(gè)島國(guó)，漁業(yè)和航海業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，看以下詞語(yǔ)： all is fish that comes to one’s net 凡能到手的都要 You can’t make a crab walk straight. 江山易改，本性難移。 She sailed through the hall. 她自由自在地走過(guò)大廳。 順藤摸瓜 track down by following clues 歸根結(jié)蒂 to get to the root of the problem 雨后春筍 spring up like mushrooms 多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberries 二、習(xí)俗的差異 漢英習(xí)俗的差異是多方面的。如對(duì)狗的態(tài)度：狗在漢語(yǔ)文化中是一種卑微的動(dòng)物，與狗相關(guān)得表達(dá)一般含有貶義，如“走狗、狗腿子、狗東西、癩皮狗、狗急跳墻、狗仗人勢(shì)、狗眼看人低、狼心狗肺”等。 英語(yǔ)文化中人們則欣賞狗的勇敢和忠誠(chéng)，如“a lucky dog(幸運(yùn)兒)”、“Love me， love my dog(愛(ài)屋及烏)”、“Every dog has his day(凡人皆有得意日)”等。 又如顏色方面，中國(guó)人喜愛(ài)紅色，認(rèn)為它代表熱情、喜悅和興旺。傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)婚禮上新娘子總是紅色的奇葩，以示吉利；新房也必由大紅“喜”字 但英美文化中紅色常與暴力、流血和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有關(guān)。 因而為避免讀者誤解，著名翻譯家David Hawkes不但把《紅樓夢(mèng)》翻譯成“The story of the stone”，還將全書(shū)的“紅”字都譯為“green”。同樣的差異還體現(xiàn)在白色、綠色等顏色上。 2.2 中英思維方式對(duì)比 2.2.1中國(guó)人注重倫理(ethics);英美人注重認(rèn)知(congnition) “以儒家為代表的先哲對(duì)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)主要不是出于對(duì)自然奧秘的好奇，而是出于對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)政治和倫理道德的關(guān)注”。儒家思想“關(guān)心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性”。而海洋性地理環(huán)境中發(fā)展起來(lái)的英美文化促使英美人對(duì)天文地理的濃厚興趣，使他們形成了探求自然的奧秘，向自然索取的認(rèn)知傳統(tǒng)。 如：順其自然（Let nature take its course in accordance with its natural tendency）、聽(tīng)其自然（leave the matter as it is; take the world as it is）、聽(tīng)天由命(be at the mercy of nature; be left to God’s mercy; let fate have its way; submit the will of Heaven; wait for one’s fate)、聽(tīng)天安命(accept the situation). 重倫理思想觀念還體現(xiàn)在漢語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)的親屬稱謂翻譯對(duì)比。 “張明和李丹是表親。張明的母親是李丹的姑母，李丹的母親是張明的舅母。” Zhang Ming and Li Dan are cousins. Zhang Ming’s mother is Li Dan’s aunt who is the sister of Li Dan’s father，while Li Dan’s mother is Zhang Ming’s aunt who is the wife of Zhang Ming’s mother’s brother． 2.2.2中國(guó)人重整體（integrity）、重綜合性 (synthetic)思維;英美人重個(gè)體individuality）、重分析性(analytic)思維 它收斂了它的花紋、圖案，隱藏了它的粉墨、彩色，逸出了繁華的花叢、停止了它翱翔的姿態(tài)，變成了一張憔悴的，干枯了的，甚至不是枯黃的，而是枯槁的，如同死灰顏色的枯葉。 （徐遲---- 枯葉蝴蝶） When it gathers its wings full of exquisite patterns， it conceals its beautiful colors. When it flutters out from a cluster of blooming flowers and alights somewhere in the middle of its graceful flight， it turns into a dried leaf， not even of a withering yellow， but of a deathly grey. 2.2.3中國(guó)人重直覺(jué)（intuition）、重形象思維(figurative thinking);英美人重實(shí)證(evidence）、重邏輯思維(logical thinking) 中國(guó)人的形象思維體現(xiàn)在用具體形象的詞語(yǔ)比喻抽象的事物，以物表感、狀物言志。 明槍易躲，暗箭難防 It is easy to dodge a spear thrust in the open，but difficult to guard against an arrow shot from hiding 腳踩兩只船 straddle two boats；have a foot in either camp 腳踏實(shí)地 have a down-to-earth manner 膽小如鼠 as timid as a mouse；chicken-hearted 頂天立地 dauntless；of gigantic stature；of indomitable spirit；giant 調(diào)虎離山 lure the tiger out of the mountains；lure the enemy away from his base 丟盔棄甲 throw away everything in headlong flight 哭笑不得 not know whether to laugh or to cry；find sth．both funny and annoying 枯木逢春 get a new lease 0f life 居高臨下 occupy a commanding position 蒙在鼓里 be kept in the dark 2.3 漢英語(yǔ)言對(duì)比 2.3.1 漢英文字對(duì)比 2.3.2 漢英語(yǔ)音對(duì)比 2.3.3漢英詞義對(duì)比 2.3.4 漢英句法對(duì)比 2.3.5 漢英篇章對(duì)比 漢語(yǔ)是分析型語(yǔ)言（analytic Language) 英語(yǔ)是綜合型語(yǔ)言（synthetic language） Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton， the greatest British cook in the 19th century， who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal， if enjoyed and digested， gives the support necessary for the morning’s work.”  十九世紀(jì)英國(guó)烹飪大師伊莎貝拉•比頓曾在其著作的一個(gè)早期版本里說(shuō)過(guò)：“受用一頓美餐，能使整個(gè)上午工作精力充沛。”這番高見(jiàn)，現(xiàn)在很少有人領(lǐng)教了。 When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer， and lighting his pipe…（George Santayana， The Weather in His Soul） 在他運(yùn)動(dòng)之余品茶或喝酒，并點(diǎn)著煙斗時(shí)…… 漢語(yǔ)句子多采用“意合法”（ parataxis）英語(yǔ)句子多采用“形合法”（ hypotaxis）秘書(shū)今天沒(méi)來(lái)，她生病了。 The secretary is absent from work today because she is ill. 她們正打架，不巧被我撞見(jiàn)了。 I happened to be present when they were having a fight. 好不容易才說(shuō)服她照我的想法辦。 With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking. 那個(gè)理發(fā)師俯下身，聽(tīng)小姑娘說(shuō)，她要什么發(fā)式。 Leaning down to hear the little girl， the barber listened to her about the style she wanted. 酒不醉人人自醉。 It is not that the wine intoxicates the drinker but that the drinker gets himself drunk. It is not the wine that intoxicates the drinker but the drinker who gets himself drunk 漢語(yǔ)：表達(dá)上傾向于具體（concrete) 英語(yǔ)：表達(dá)上傾向于抽象(abstract) 他絕望了，正在此時(shí)，他見(jiàn)到遠(yuǎn)方的帆影，有了絕處逢生的希望。 He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue. 越來(lái)越多的老人發(fā)現(xiàn)兒孫們對(duì)于流行樂(lè)表現(xiàn)出日益濃厚的興趣，他們也漸漸接受了這個(gè)事實(shí)。 It seems that there is a growing acceptance by the old generation of their children and their grandchildren’s increasing interest in pop music. 漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)上趨向于動(dòng)態(tài)(dynamic) 英語(yǔ): 則更具有靜態(tài)特征(static) 我倒了一杯茶給他喝。 I offered him a cup of tea. 他拿著槍，繞著屋子巡走。 He walked around the house with a gun. 游行的人拿著鮮花和彩旗在街道上行進(jìn)。 The people paraded in the street， flowers and banners in their hands. 解決問(wèn)題的最好辦法是進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究。 The best way to solve the problem is to conduct investigations. 英語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更具有從屬特征（Hypotactic）漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)趨向于并列特征（Paratactic） In English clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese clauses are placed one after another without coordinating connectives． The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside． 彩虹有多種顏色，外圈紅，內(nèi)圈紫。 He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession． 他有一種令人難堪的習(xí)慣：一會(huì)兒一個(gè)看法，自相矛盾，變化無(wú)常。 英語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更具有復(fù)雜特征（Complex）漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)上趨向于簡(jiǎn)單（Simplex） English sentences are long and complex，while Chinese sentences are short and simple．For example： Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement，or，more often，because the physical properties of the synthetic substance．which is the common name for man．made materials，have been chosen．a(chǎn)nd even emphasized，so that it would be Of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied． 人造材料通稱為合成材料。許多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，這或者是由于天然物產(chǎn)的數(shù)量不能滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的需要，或者是由于人們選擇了合成材料的一些物理性質(zhì)并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域?qū)⒕哂袠O大的用途。 英語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更具有客觀特征（Impersonal）漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)上趨向于個(gè)人化（Personal） What has happened to you? 你出了什么事兒啦? An idea suddenly struck me． 我突然想到一個(gè)主意。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone． 她獨(dú)處時(shí)感到一種特別的安寧。 Not a sound reached our ears． 我們沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到任何聲音。 A great elation overcame them． 他們欣喜若狂。 The truth finally dawned on her． 她最終明白了真相。 英語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更具有被動(dòng)特征（Passive）漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)上趨向于主動(dòng)特征（Active） A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home． 幾年前人們還以為，觀眾居然能夠打電話要求在自己家里的電視屏幕上播出節(jié)目是一種稀罕的事情。 英語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更具有間接特征（Indirect ）漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更具有直接特征（Direct） I couldn’t feel better． 我覺(jué)得身體好極了。 I couldn’t agree with you more． 我太贊成你的看法了。 He can’t see you quick enough． 他很想盡快和你見(jiàn)面。 If you have a car，you are independent of trains and buses． 如果你有小汽車，就不用去坐火車或擠公共汽車。 英語(yǔ): 表達(dá)更趨向于替代（Substitutive）漢語(yǔ): 表達(dá)上趨向于重復(fù)（Repetitive） You should help her since you have promised to do SO． 你既然答應(yīng)了要幫助她就應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助她。 He hated failure；he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，and despised it in others． 他討厭失敗，他一生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗，超越失敗，并且藐視別人的失敗。 2.3.1 漢英文字對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)屬漢藏語(yǔ)系（Sino-Tibetan Family），英語(yǔ)屬印歐語(yǔ)系(Indo-European Family)。古漢字是表意文字（ideograpic script）英語(yǔ)是拼音文字（alphabetic script）漢語(yǔ)主要有4種方法造字。�。�1）象形字（pictagraph），它是有關(guān)自然現(xiàn)象，人或物的原始圖形文字，是一種象形符號(hào).e.g. 果，雨，山　　　 老張進(jìn)門看見(jiàn)他的兒子在床上睡成一個(gè)“大”字。 　　Lao Zhang came in and saw his son lying spread-eagled on the bed. �。�2）指事字（indicative），它是以表達(dá)某種意思的抽象符號(hào)，或在形象符號(hào)中加上指事性符號(hào)構(gòu)成。 e.g.上，下 �。�3）會(huì)意字（associative），它是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的指事性符號(hào)構(gòu)成，其意義為該符號(hào)引起的聯(lián)想意義。e.g. 從，森，祭 　（4）形聲字（morpheme-phonetic character），它由表意的形符和表聲的音符組成。 e.g. 烤 2.3.2 漢英語(yǔ)音對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)是聲調(diào)語(yǔ)言（tonal language）。聲調(diào)不僅是漢語(yǔ)的重要語(yǔ)音表達(dá)手段，還能幫助辨義。漢語(yǔ)的單音節(jié)詞只有一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)（stressed syllable），雙音節(jié)詞可能兩個(gè)音節(jié)都重讀，也可能只有一個(gè)音節(jié)重讀。 “英語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)調(diào)語(yǔ)言（intonation language）。語(yǔ)調(diào)的單位一般是句群或小句，調(diào)核一般在語(yǔ)句的末尾。 語(yǔ)調(diào)既有語(yǔ)法作用，能分開(kāi)陳述句，疑問(wèn)句或反意問(wèn)句，也有獨(dú)特的表意作用，具有很強(qiáng)的表情功能，不同的語(yǔ)調(diào)可以表示不同的態(tài)度，口氣和思想感情。 此外，語(yǔ)調(diào)還賦予英語(yǔ)一種旋律美，有的語(yǔ)音學(xué)家形象地將語(yǔ)調(diào)比做英語(yǔ)的靈魂。” 2.3.3 漢英詞義對(duì)比詞是具備形、音、義，可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)用的最小語(yǔ)言單位，也是最小的語(yǔ)法單位。詞具有指稱意義和蘊(yùn)涵意義，因而難譯。英漢詞匯意義的對(duì)應(yīng)程度，大致有以下三種情況 1）詞義相符(semantic correspondence) 學(xué)生(student)， 環(huán)境保護(hù)(environmental protection) 在尋找語(yǔ)義相符的對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)時(shí)，易犯逐詞翻譯的毛病，找到假對(duì)應(yīng)詞，如: 學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí) to learn knowledge (to acquire knowledge) ； 鹽水 salt water (salt solution) 詞義部分相符山 hill， mountain 雞 hen， chick， rooster 青 green， blue 借 lend， borrow 兔 hare， rabbit 鼠 mouse， rat 你，您 you 江，河 river 父，母 parent 兄，弟 brother 嫁，娶 marry 叔，伯 uncle 我屬兔。 I was born in the Chinese lunar year of the rabbit. 舅舅從桌上把花瓶拿去了。 Mother's younger brother has taken the vase away from the table. 2)二.詞義相異(semantic non-correspondence) 詞義相異有兩種情況.第一種是指稱意義相符，蘊(yùn)涵意義相異. 松、梅、竹（歲寒三友，蘊(yùn)含不畏唁函，傲然風(fēng)雪的品德）然而，英語(yǔ)中pine trees， plum blossoms， bamboo不具備上述蘊(yùn)含意義。 “羊”在古漢語(yǔ)中就是吉祥的意思.如“三羊開(kāi)泰”(Three Rams Bring Bliss) ram 在英語(yǔ)中除表示 “公羊”外，還表示“撞擊裝置”。 第二種情況是指稱意義和蘊(yùn)涵意義相異. phoenix(鳳凰): mythical bird of the Arabian desert， said to live for several hundred years before burning itself and then rising born again from its ashes “龍鳳呈祥”(Dragon and Phoenix Bringing Prosperity) Blue books and periodicals 黃色書(shū)刊 Blue jokes 下流的玩笑 Blue revolution 性解放 Blue film 黃色電影 a white lie 無(wú)惡意的謊言 white coffee 加牛奶的咖啡 white wedding 吉祥的婚禮 3) 詞義空缺(semantic zero) 詞語(yǔ)意義的空缺是文化現(xiàn)象空缺的結(jié)果.翻譯是需要用音譯，意譯或其他方式表示其義. 糖葫蘆 Tanghulu， a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter 特困生 the most needy students 烏紗帽 an official post 站票 standing-room-only tickets 錢先生周歲時(shí) “抓周”，抓了一本書(shū)，因此得名 “鐘書(shū)”. When Qian was just one year old， he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others， he picked up a book of all things. Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu (=book lover). 詞的選擇(diction) “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”（英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家J.R.Firth) 1、確定詞義 2、表達(dá)得體 聯(lián)系上下文 注意文字表達(dá)的褒貶 區(qū)別詞的基本意思 他是我父親。這姑娘是漂亮。此人是書(shū)就讀。他的英語(yǔ)水平比我的高。 He knows more English than I. 各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部必須提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平。 Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. 要奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)，把我軍的軍政素質(zhì)提高到一個(gè)新的水平……。 We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army……. 下面幾例是“道”在<<紅樓夢(mèng)>>第三回的4種譯法.“道”在早期文言中，是“說(shuō)”的意思. 寶玉初見(jiàn)黛玉，送她“顰顰”為別名，探春?jiǎn)枌氂袢〈嗣�的緣由，寶玉引�?jīng)據(jù)典說(shuō)得頭頭是道，然后便有了以下的對(duì)話. 1) 探春笑道:“只恐又是你的杜撰.” 寶玉笑道:“除<<四書(shū)>>外， 杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成?” “ You’re making that up， I’m afraid，" teased Tan Chun. “Most works， apart from the FOUR BOOKS， are made up; am I the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin. (楊憲益，戴乃迭譯) 2)賈母笑道:“你不認(rèn)得他，他是我們這里有名的一個(gè)潑皮破落戶兒，南省俗謂作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘鳳辣子’就是了.” “You don’t know her，” said Grandmother Jia merrily. “She’s a holy terror this one. what we used to call in Nanking a ‘peppercorn’. You just call her ‘Peppercorn Feng’. She’ll know who you mean!” (David Hawkes 譯) 3) 賈母因笑道:“外客未見(jiàn)，就脫了衣裳，還不去見(jiàn)你妹妹!” With a smile at Pao-yu， the Lady Dowager scolded， “Fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. Hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.” (楊憲益，戴乃迭譯) 4) 賈母笑道:“可又是胡說(shuō)，你又何曾見(jiàn)過(guò)他?” “You’re talking nonsense again，” said his grandmother， laughing. “How could you possibly have met her ?” (楊憲益，戴乃迭譯) 表達(dá)得體 (1） 注意詞的廣義與狹義英語(yǔ)中有不少同義詞的詞義有廣、狹之區(qū)別，運(yùn)用范圍也就各不相同。例如 農(nóng)業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。 Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. “農(nóng)林牧副漁結(jié)合的方針” the principle of combining farming， forestry， animal husbandry， side-occupations and fishery. 他從不喝酒。 He never touches wine. 原文“酒”是指一切酒類，故譯作 wine。但在“他不喝烈性酒”一句中，“酒”是狹義，是和淡性酒相對(duì)而言的，又需譯作spirits。 （2） 注意詞義的強(qiáng)弱反動(dòng)派的暴行激起了人民的極大憤怒。 The atrocities of the reactionaries roused the people to great indignation. 孫中山是個(gè)好人。 Dr. Sun Yet-sen was a man of integrity. （3） 注意詞義的褒貶我們應(yīng)該從這里得出一條經(jīng)驗(yàn)，就是不要被假象所迷惑。 We should draw a lesson here: Don’t be misled by false appearances. 他們講唯心論，我們講唯物論。 They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism. （4） 注意詞的語(yǔ)體色彩同義詞之間的差別，不僅表現(xiàn)在詞義方面，而且也表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)體色彩方面，例如別了，司徒雷登 Farewell， Leighton Stuart! 這是毛主席批評(píng)美國(guó)白皮書(shū)的一篇文章的標(biāo)題，譯文選用了farewell一詞。若用goodbye，則不能表現(xiàn)出原文所具有的特殊語(yǔ)氣和輕蔑口吻。禁止賭博。 Gambling is prohibited. 原文“禁止”的語(yǔ)體色彩較為正式，故譯作prohibit. 這小伙子干活真沖。 This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor. 這里的“真沖”是口語(yǔ)體，譯者注意了這一點(diǎn)，相應(yīng)地也用了口語(yǔ)詞vim表達(dá)。 （5） 注意詞的政治含義 “農(nóng)民” peasant 和farmer都可以和漢語(yǔ)的“農(nóng)民”或“農(nóng)夫”相對(duì)應(yīng)。但是這個(gè)詞的含義卻有差別。Farmer本指農(nóng)場(chǎng)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者或所有者�，F(xiàn)在也可指以耕種為目的而租入土地的人。Peasant指住在農(nóng)村中的小農(nóng)和以耕種土地為生的勞動(dòng)者。英美國(guó)家常用farmer指一般農(nóng)民，而我們常用peasant指一般農(nóng)民，并與landlord或worker相對(duì)而言。 “侵略” invasion 和aggression都是漢語(yǔ)“侵略”的對(duì)應(yīng)詞。Invasion指軍事入侵，而aggression的含義范圍較廣，可指政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化各方面。 “自主” autonomy和initiative都可以和漢語(yǔ)的“自主”相對(duì)應(yīng)。Autonomy指政治上有自治權(quán)利；initiative主要指思想上、行動(dòng)上有主動(dòng)性或獨(dú)立性。“獨(dú)立自主”中的“自主”是指后一種意思，所以用initiative. 打得贏就打，打不贏就走。 Fight when you can win， move away when you cannot. 比較： Fight when we can win and run away when we cannot. （6） 注意詞的搭配漢英兩種語(yǔ)言在長(zhǎng)期使用過(guò)程中形成了各自的固定詞組和搭配用法，翻譯時(shí)必須注意兩者的不同，不能把漢語(yǔ)詞的搭配用法生搬硬套到英語(yǔ)譯文中。例如：戰(zhàn)火擴(kuò)大：the flames of war expand (應(yīng)為spread) 實(shí)現(xiàn)自給自足：achieve self-sufficiency (應(yīng)為reach) 學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)：learn knowledge (應(yīng)為 acquire) 違反他的意圖：violate his intention (應(yīng)為go against) 嚴(yán)密控制：close control (應(yīng)為strict/rigid) “啊，好票！”: Ah， good ticket! (應(yīng)為seat) 有資格打世界大戰(zhàn)：qualified to fight a world war (應(yīng)為capable of fighting/can afford to/powerful enough to) 西方輿論紛紛預(yù)測(cè)：The public opinion in the West predicts one after another (應(yīng)為The Western press has much to say in prediction) 強(qiáng)硬政策：Strong policy (應(yīng)為tough) 雞啼 cocks crow 鹿鳴 deer bellow 犬吠 dogs bark 羊咩 goats bleat 獅吼 lions roar 虎嘯 tigers growl 狼嚎 wolves howl 　 馬嘶 horses neigh 象吼 elephants trumpet. 鶴唳 cranes whoop 熊/公牛吼 bears/bulls bellow 　　蛇嘶嘶 snakes hiss 青蛙“呱呱”叫 frogs croak 喜鵲“嘁嘁喳喳”叫 magpies chatter 鵝“嘎嘎”叫 geese cackle/ gaggle 夜鶯 囀鳴 nightingales jug 小雞“嘰嘰”叫 chicks cheep/ pip/ peep 老鼠“吱吱”叫 mice squeak 驢叫 asses/donkeys bray 麻雀“唧唧喳喳”叫 sparrows twitter /chirp/ chirrup 貓“喵喵”叫 cats miaow /mew/purr Discussion 1．館：博物館、圖書(shū)館、旅館、大使館、領(lǐng)事館、茶館、飯館、理發(fā)館、體育館、展覽館、文化館、美術(shù)館、科技館、天文館、照相館…… 2．酒：葡萄酒、白酒、烈酒、啤酒、香檳酒、雞尾酒、白蘭地酒、威士忌酒、杜松子酒…… 3．筆：鋼筆、鉛筆、圓珠筆、蠟筆、粉筆、毛筆、畫筆…… 4．好： a．他是祖國(guó)的好兒子。b．莊稼長(zhǎng)得真好。c．他們對(duì)我真好。d．樓的質(zhì)量不好。 e．這個(gè)問(wèn)題很好回答。f．啊，好票 5．學(xué)習(xí)： a．學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí) b．學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù) C．學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ) d．學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī) e．學(xué)習(xí)別人的長(zhǎng)處 f．互相學(xué)習(xí) g．以雷鋒為學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣 6. 申請(qǐng)書(shū)、報(bào)告書(shū)、協(xié)議書(shū)、成績(jī)通知書(shū)、（使用）說(shuō)明書(shū)、白皮書(shū)、家書(shū) application， report， agreement， grade report， directions， White Book， a letter from/to home 7. 招領(lǐng)啟示、鳴謝啟示、征稿啟示、更正啟示 Found， Acknowledgments， Contributions wanted， Corrections 8. 名單、菜單、保險(xiǎn)單、賬單、節(jié)目單、傳單、床單、被單、訂單、訂閱單 name list， menu， policy， bill， a program of entertainment， leaflet， bed sheet， coverlet， order form， subscription form 新聞?wù)掌�慢車特快列車紅眼病減肥操包辦婚姻有目共睹---上海牌電視機(jī)磕頭氣功羊腸小道 于是，暮色中匆匆的人群里，總有我趕路的身影，雨里、霧里、風(fēng)里、雪里，只盼著早些回家...... Thus the gathering dusk often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. Whether it rains or snows， windy or foggy， it is the longing to be home that quickens my steps.(虞艷譯) 1. 我們找個(gè)安靜點(diǎn)的地方好好聊聊。 2. 箱子里已經(jīng)沒(méi)有地方了。 3. 你希望留在部隊(duì)還是到地方上去？ 1. Let’s find a quiet place where we can have a good talk. Let’s find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk. 2. There is no more space in the chest. There is no room left in the chest. 3. Do you wish to stay in the army or to transfer to a civilian unit? Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit? 4. 我國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本國(guó)策是發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)。 5. 我們要根據(jù)形勢(shì)的發(fā)展來(lái)調(diào)整政策。 4. It’s part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns. It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterprises. 5. We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation. We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation. 6. 請(qǐng)大家積極參與單位的體制改革。 7. 他總是以積極態(tài)度處理各種問(wèn)題。 6. Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of one’s work unit. You are all encouraged to play an active role in the systematic reform of our unit. 7. He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems. He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind. 8. 請(qǐng)別客氣. 9. 他客氣而冷淡地接待了我們. 8. Please don’t stand on ceremony. Please don’t be so polite. Please make yourself at home. Please don’t bother. Please， we don’t want to put you to trouble. 9. He received us politely but coolly. He received us with civility but no warmth. He received us with cool politeness. He received us with polite indifference. 10. 對(duì)他這種人就是不能客氣. 11.他說(shuō)自己才疏學(xué)淺，這只不過(guò)是中國(guó)人的客氣罷了. 10. You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him. You must not be too soft when dealing with someone like him. You must be tough with people like him. Don’t give in easily when dealing with someone like him. 11. He says that he is a man of little learning and talent. That is merely self-depreciation， considered as politeness by the Chinese. When he says he has little learning or talent， he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness. By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning， he is only being modest like a typical Chinese. He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned. That is merely typical Chinese modesty. 1．中國(guó)人民不用多久就會(huì)變得富裕起來(lái)。 [初譯]It won’t be long before the Chinese people will become well off． 2．一般人要到失去他們所擁有的一切時(shí)，才會(huì)珍惜他們所擁有的一切。 [初譯]People at large do not appreciate what they have after they lose it． 3．我們只消研究一下愛(ài)迪生所做出的杰出發(fā)現(xiàn)就可以看到其重大意義。 [初譯]We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison and see the significance of it． 4．即使商品質(zhì)量好，也不能漫天討價(jià)。 [初譯]Even quality goods must have a price limit． 5．我們把狄更斯的成功歸功于他高尚的感情。 [初譯]We owe Dickens’ success to his noble feelings． 6．在晚會(huì)上，邀請(qǐng)一位外國(guó)老師為我們唱幾首民歌。 [初譯]At the party a foreign teacher was required to sing some folk songs for us． 7．最近人口統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示中國(guó)人口已超過(guò)十億。 [初譯]The latest census shows that China‘s population has surpassed one billion． 8．多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，幫助我改變了主意。 [初譯]Years of teaching experiences has helped me to change my mind．姓陶不見(jiàn)桃結(jié)果，姓李不見(jiàn)李開(kāi)花，姓羅不見(jiàn)鑼鼓響，三個(gè)蠢材哪里來(lái)。ed me to change my mind． 1. 他熱衷于個(gè)人名利。 2. 她熱衷于花樣滑冰。 3. 我看出了他的心事。 4. 我看出了她的破綻。 5. 此物生南國(guó)。 6. 國(guó)將不國(guó)，何以為家。 7. 黃金榮是舊上海有名的大流氓。 8. 她追求的是真理，而他追求的是榮華富貴。 9. 詩(shī)人應(yīng)具有豐富的想象力。 10. 真遺憾，你的想象力太豐富了。 11. 這位女影星在舞會(huì)上真是儀態(tài)萬(wàn)千。 12. 那位政客在那場(chǎng)辯論中真是丑態(tài)百出。 13. 張將軍真是足智多謀啊！ 14. 那個(gè)敵參謀長(zhǎng)可是詭計(jì)多端的呀！ 1. He is always hankering after personal fame and gains. 2. She is fond of figure skating. 3. I could read his mind. 4. I spotted her weak point. 5. It grows in the south. 6. When our fatherland is in great danger， there is no use to talk about sweet home. 7. Huang Jinrong was a notorious rogue in Shanghai in the old times. 8. What she seeks is truth， and what he hankers after is nothing but high position and great wealth. 9. A poet should have rich imagination. 10. What a pity! You’ve got into wild flights of fancy. 11. The film actress appeared in all her glories at the ball. 12. That politician acted like a buffoon during the debate. 13. General Zhang is really wise and resourceful. 14. The enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks. 2.3.4 漢英句法對(duì)比 “話題-說(shuō)明”結(jié)構(gòu)與“主語(yǔ)-謂語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu) “板塊”式結(jié)構(gòu)與“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu) “左分支”結(jié)構(gòu)與“右分支”結(jié)構(gòu)人稱與物稱：漢英擬人法對(duì)比 漢英平行結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比 漢英重量趨勢(shì)對(duì)比 句子基本成分對(duì)比 “話題-說(shuō)明”結(jié)構(gòu)與“主-謂”結(jié)構(gòu) 漢語(yǔ)句子的“話題”與“說(shuō)明”結(jié)構(gòu) “話題”是說(shuō)明的對(duì)象，總是放在句子開(kāi)頭處。若語(yǔ)境或上下文能暗示話題，也可能省略不提。 “說(shuō)明”位于話題之后，對(duì)話題進(jìn)行說(shuō)明、解釋或質(zhì)疑。 “說(shuō)明”部分與“話題”部分不存在一致關(guān)系。“說(shuō)明”可以是一個(gè)名詞或動(dòng)詞，也可以是一連串的名詞短語(yǔ)或連動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，還可以由形容詞及各種詞組充當(dāng)，對(duì)結(jié)尾沒(méi)有限制，可長(zhǎng)可短，視語(yǔ)義而定。漢語(yǔ)的連謂句典型地反映出話題的后面一長(zhǎng)串說(shuō)明的特點(diǎn)（因?yàn)榉才c話題有關(guān)的內(nèi)容都可放在后面對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明）英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)：一個(gè)主語(yǔ)和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)相一致 這件事你不用操心。 This you do not need to worry. You don’t need to worry about this. There is no need for you to worry about this. 秘書(shū)今天沒(méi)來(lái)，她生病了。 The secretary is absent from work today because she is ill. 那女人雖是山里模樣，然而應(yīng)酬得很從容，說(shuō)話很能干，寒暄之后，就賠罪，說(shuō)她特來(lái)叫她的兒媳婦回家，因?yàn)殚_(kāi)春事務(wù)忙，而家中只有老的和小的，人手不夠了。（魯迅《祝�！罚� Although this woman looked like the hill-dweller she was， she behaved with great self-possession and had a ready tongue in her head. After the usual civilities she apologized for coming to take her daughter-in-law back， explaining that early spring was a busy time and they were short-handed at home with only old people and children around. 老拴正在專心走路，忽然吃了一驚，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地看見(jiàn)一條丁字街，明明白白橫著。他便退了幾步，尋到一家關(guān)著門的鋪?zhàn)�，蹩進(jìn)檐下，靠門停住了。（魯迅《藥》） Absorbed in his walking， Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door. 正在熱鬧哄哄的時(shí)節(jié)，只見(jiàn)那后臺(tái)里，又出來(lái)一位姑娘，年紀(jì)約十八九歲，裝束與前一個(gè)毫無(wú)分別，瓜子臉兒，白凈面皮，相貌不過(guò)中人之姿，只覺(jué)得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（劉鶚《老殘游記》） Amidst the feverish bustle， there appeared on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old， dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the average woman-charming but not coquettish， and a clarity of complexion but not coldness. “板塊”式結(jié)構(gòu)與“多枝共干”結(jié)構(gòu) 漢語(yǔ)為“板塊” 式結(jié)構(gòu)： 其“意合”特點(diǎn)常表現(xiàn)為句內(nèi)各成分一一羅列，呈并列狀，外形上沒(méi)有主從之分，層面之間沒(méi)有明顯的邏輯標(biāo)記。英語(yǔ)為“多枝共干”型：英語(yǔ)句子的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”為句子主干，其他成分則通過(guò)各種連帶附加關(guān)系附著在這條主干上，猶如樹(shù)枝與樹(shù)干的關(guān)系。話說(shuō)天下大勢(shì)，分久必合，合久必分。 They say the momentum (勢(shì)頭) of history was ever thus: the empire， long divided， must unite; long united， must divide. 他們進(jìn)行挑釁活動(dòng)，制造緊張局勢(shì)，必須馬上停止。 They must stop all their provocations (挑釁) at once， which create tensions. 我常見(jiàn)許多青年的朋友，2)聰明用功，3)成績(jī)優(yōu)異，4)而語(yǔ)文程度不足以達(dá)意，5)甚至寫一封信亦難得通順，6)問(wèn)其故則曰其興趣不在語(yǔ)文方面. 倘若完全按原文的句法特征將其譯成英文，可能是: 1)I have come across a great many young friends， 2)Bright and diligent， 3)Do exceedingly well in studies， 4)but they are rather weak in Chinese， 5)even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. 6)When asked why， they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. 請(qǐng)看張培基先生的譯文: I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies， but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why， they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. “左分支”結(jié)構(gòu)與“右分支”結(jié)構(gòu) 思維模式差異：中國(guó)人的思維模式基本上是首先考慮事物的環(huán)境和外圍因素，然后考慮具體事物或中心事物。西方人的思維模式正相反，首先考慮中心事物，然后才加上外圍因素。思維方式差異在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的表現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)“左分支”結(jié)構(gòu)（“獅子頭”形狀）狀語(yǔ)總放在謂語(yǔ)或句子主體前邊定語(yǔ)無(wú)論長(zhǎng)短，都置于中心詞之前狀語(yǔ)部分長(zhǎng)，主謂部分短；主語(yǔ)部分長(zhǎng)，謂語(yǔ)部分短；修飾成分長(zhǎng)，中心成分短。英語(yǔ)“右分支”結(jié)構(gòu)（“孔雀”形狀）多數(shù)定語(yǔ)成分（除單詞外）都置于中心詞之后多數(shù)狀語(yǔ)也置于主干成分之后重視末端重量，有時(shí)使用形式主語(yǔ) 村東頭的王大媽來(lái)了，受壞人欺騙的村民們也來(lái)了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village， and also came the villagers who had been deceived. 去年他為了完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目在實(shí)驗(yàn)室用計(jì)算機(jī)努力地干了十個(gè)月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year. ......荷塘四面，長(zhǎng)著許多蓊蓊郁郁的樹(shù)。 ... in a lush， shady ambience of trees all around the pond. (朱純深 譯) Around the pond grows a profusion of luxuriant trees. (王椒井 譯) Trees grows thick and bosky all around the pool ... (楊憲益，戴乃迭 譯) Around the pond grows a huge profusion of trees， exuberant and luxuriant. (李明 譯) 人稱與物稱：漢英擬人法對(duì)比這種思潮以陳獨(dú)秀為代表，認(rèn)為…… This view， represented by Chen Duxiu， was that … 我們的事業(yè)從勝利走向勝利。 We have won one victory after another in our career.  金陵回春，古城新生，昔日飽嘗的屈辱和災(zāi)難，至此如同夢(mèng)魘終被擺脫。人民在自己的土地上辛勤勞作，把古城南京裝扮得面貌一新。特別是近三十年來(lái)，改革開(kāi)放又給這座美麗的名城注入了新的活力，嶄新的工業(yè)……都使這個(gè)具有古都特色的現(xiàn)代都市煥發(fā)出勃勃英姿。 Balmy spring winds returned to bring new life to this historic city. The nightmarish sufferings and humiliations of the past were left behind once and for all. The citizens of Nanjing have been working hard to give this age-old town a new appearance. Especially for the past thirty years， the country’s reform and opening-up policy has infused new vigor into this beautiful and famous city. Newly built industries， … all these and more added charm and vitality to this modern metropolis， which retains the ambiance and features of an ancient capital. 漢英平行結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)平行結(jié)構(gòu)： “整句”中的句式結(jié)構(gòu)。整句：結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似，字?jǐn)?shù)大致相等，整齊地排列在一起的一組句子。整句形式：對(duì)偶、排比、反復(fù) Parallelism：英語(yǔ)話語(yǔ)組織的一種重要形式既是語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題又是修辭問(wèn)題，不僅局限于句子層面，還包括篇章層面 ......時(shí)常會(huì)有些東西觸動(dòng)你的心，使你激昂，使你歡樂(lè)，使你憂愁，使你深思，這不是詩(shī)又是什么呢？（楊朔《東風(fēng)第一枝·小跋》 ） There is always something that can inspire you or motivate you. There is always something that can bring you joy or sorrow. There is always something that can get you depressed and set you thinking. Can it be anything but poetry? 漢英重量趨勢(shì)對(duì)比漢語(yǔ)句首開(kāi)放性（open beginning）句尾收縮性（contracting ending ）或封閉性（closed ending ）英語(yǔ)句首封閉性句尾開(kāi)放性 我原來(lái)打算在今年一月訪問(wèn)中國(guó)，后來(lái)不得不推遲， 這使我非常失望。 It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January. Combine the following sentences: This is the egg that the boy hatched … This is the rat that stole the egg… This is the cat that caught the rat… This is the dog that bit the cat… This is the boy that chased the dog… This is the boy that chased the dog that bit the cat that caught the rat that stole the egg that the boy hatched. (追那條狗的就是這個(gè)男孩。他孵了個(gè)雞蛋，被老鼠偷了。貓去抓老鼠，那狗反來(lái)咬貓。) 那周瑞家的又和知能兒嘮叨了一回，便往鳳姐處來(lái)，穿過(guò)了夾道子，從李紈后窗下越過(guò)西花墻，出西角門，進(jìn)鳳姐院中。（《紅樓夢(mèng)》） 譯文1：After chatting for a time with the nun， Mrs. Chou went on to His-feng’s quarters. She walked through the passage， past Li Wan’s back window， and skirting the west wall， entered His-feng’s compound by the west side-gate.（楊譯）譯文2：After gossiping a bit longer with Sapient， Zou Rui’s wife made her way to Xi-feng’s quarters. To get there she had to go down a passage-way between two walls， under the windows at the back of Li Wan’s apartments， along the foot of an ornamental wall， and through a gateway in the western corner of the compound. （霍譯） 1．寫作的技巧比起其他藝術(shù)的技巧來(lái)相當(dāng)困難。 [初譯]The technique of writing is rather difficult comparing with that of the other arts． 2．與其一知半解，不如全然不知。 [初譯]One may as well not know a thing at all than know it but imperfectly． 3．被人拿走的書(shū)是我的，不是她的。 [初譯]The book having been taken away is mine，not hers． 4.．張?zhí)�太也被風(fēng)吹病了。 [初譯]Mrs．Zhang was also blown sick by the wind. 5．這個(gè)省礦產(chǎn)很豐富。 [初譯]The province’s minerals are rich 6．到20歲那年，他也沒(méi)有向家長(zhǎng)告別就參了軍。 [初譯]By the time he was twenty，he joined the army without saying goodbye to his parents． 7．等我們的老師從國(guó)外回來(lái)，我們就要做完我們的工作了。 [初譯]We shall finish our work by the time our teacher returns from abroad． 8．雖然識(shí)字是很好的一件事，但是，按魯迅的說(shuō)法，還有一個(gè)弊端。 [初譯]Although literacy is something very desirable，it has，according to the words of Lu Xun，a drawback． 9．“隨身聽(tīng)”為學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)提供了方便。 [初譯]Learning foreign languages has been facilitated by Walkmans． 10．這個(gè)女孩十分緊張，當(dāng)那個(gè)男人吻她時(shí)，她不知道如何辦才好，她又激動(dòng)又害怕。 [初譯]The nervous girl didn’t know how to do with herself when the man kissed her；she was so excited and fearful．譯例舉隅及點(diǎn)評(píng) 我愛(ài)海，并不僅僅因?yàn)樗�的顏色美麗，和藏在海底那許多有趣的玩藝兒，而是愛(ài)她的胸襟寬闊，化污穢為清潔。（謝冰瑩：《海戀》） I love the sea not only because she has the beautiful hues and many intriguing objects hidden deep underneath her， but also because she is broad and liberal enough to turn the foul into the pure. (隋榮誼) 我想他是不得已才向我求助的，因?yàn)樗�不想讓家里人知道這件事。譯文一：I think he came to me for help because he had no alternative， for he wanted his family to know nothing about this. 譯文二：I think he asked me for help out of necessity， for he didn’t want his family to know about this. 華大媽在枕頭底下掏了半天，掏出一包洋錢，交給老栓，老栓接了，抖抖的裝入衣袋，又在外面按了兩下；便點(diǎn)上燈籠，吹熄燈盞，走向里屋子去了。（魯迅《藥》）譯文一：After some fumbling under the pillow， his wife produced a packet of silver dollars which she handed over. Older Shuan pocketed it nervously， patted his pocket twice， then lighting a paper lantern and blowing out the lamp went into the room. (楊憲益，戴乃迭 譯) 譯文二：After some fumbling under the pillow， his wife produced a packet of silver dollars and handed it over to him. Older Shuan took it， pocketed it nervously and patted his pocket twice. Then he lighted a paper lantern， blew out the lamp and went into the room. (李明 改譯) 中國(guó)的大河流都是從西流向東，使得南北之間的交通相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較困難，因此鐵路和公路成為了國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)上必不可少的設(shè)施。 All China’s big rivers flow from east to west， making transportation between the north and the south relatively difficult. As a result， railroads and highways have become indispensable for the nation’s economy. 每年都有大批的外國(guó)旅游者來(lái)中國(guó)觀光，中國(guó)有許多著名的旅游點(diǎn)，比如長(zhǎng)城就是一個(gè)有重大歷史意義的建筑物，桂林就是一個(gè)以不平凡的風(fēng)景而聞名的地方。 Every year， a great number of foreign tourists come to visit China. China has a lot of famous spots. For example， the Great Wall is a structure of great historical significance， and Guilin is a place know for its unique scenic beauty. 漢語(yǔ)中常用句型及其翻譯宋天錫（2000：:31-408）對(duì)漢語(yǔ)的常用的九種句型的特點(diǎn)及其英譯進(jìn)行了探討。 1）主謂單句；2）無(wú)主句；3）流水句；4）主題句；5）連動(dòng)句；6）兼語(yǔ)句；7）意合句；8）主、次信息句；9）長(zhǎng)句一、主謂單句 1）魯迅，紹興人。（主語(yǔ)+名詞謂語(yǔ)） Lu Xun was from Shaoxing. [SVC] 2）這個(gè)姑娘很漂亮。（主語(yǔ)+形容詞謂語(yǔ)） That girl is very pretty. [SVC] 3）老舍是北京人。（主語(yǔ)+判斷謂語(yǔ)） Lao She was from Beijing. [SVC] 4) 這花兒是白的。[主語(yǔ)+判斷謂語(yǔ)]  The flower is white.[SVC] 5) 水庫(kù)是1958年修建的。[主語(yǔ)+判斷謂語(yǔ)]  The reservoir was built in 1958. [SV(passive)] 6) 他打破了杯子。[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)]  He broke the glass.[SVO] 7) 李先生教我們地理。[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)]  Mr. Li teaches us geography.[SVOO] 8) 廣州近幾年發(fā)生了巨大變化。 There have been great changes in Guangzhou in recent years. Great changes have taken place in Guangzhou in recent years. 9）這個(gè)地區(qū)多雨。 It rains a lot in this area. There is much rain in this area. 10）他說(shuō)不出來(lái)。 He is unable to express it. He is unable to express himself. 11）王先生心里有事，急促地走著。可是，滿街光怪陸離的景色，不斷地闖入他的眼簾。 Mr Wang walked hurriedly along， preoccupied with his own thoughts， but the kaleidoscopic street scened continuously forced themselves on his attention.(黃新渠 譯) 二、無(wú)主句 12）只盼著早些回家，洗去一身的疲勞，泡上一杯清茶，點(diǎn)上一柱檀香，打開(kāi)半卷的書(shū)卷，一任輕柔的旋律把我?guī)нM(jìn)一個(gè)美麗的境界。 To be home means to ens a day’s fatigue and enjoy myself in a world of my own. With a nice cup of tea and a burning sandal-wood stick by my side， I can either resume my suspended reading， or listen leisurely to a soft melody and let myself be carried away to a fairyland of beauty.（陳文伯譯）三、流水句 13）各種房屋，以自然村排列，錯(cuò)落有致，一條小河穿村而過(guò)，岸邊停泊著舊式小漁舟，水面上一群群小鴨、白鵝自由地浮游著，深巷草屋，綠樹(shù)叢中，時(shí)而傳來(lái)雞鳴狗吠之聲…… The different houses were properly distributed to form natural hamlets; through the village flowed a stream， with small old-style fishing boats moored at its banks and flocks of ducks and geese floating peacefully on its water; from deep alleys and thatched cottages and from among green trees came the crowing of roosters and the barking of dogs…（蔣堅(jiān)松 譯）四、主題句 14）過(guò)去向我們學(xué)習(xí)的人，現(xiàn)在反而超過(guò)了我們。這對(duì)我們確實(shí)是一個(gè)鞭策。 The fact that those who had learned from us now excelled us really serves as an impetus to us. It really serves as an impetus to us that those who had learned from us now excelled us. 五、連動(dòng)句 15）吳老太爺接過(guò)來(lái)恭恭敬敬地?cái)[在膝頭，就閉了眼，干癟的嘴唇上浮出了一絲放心的微笑。 Old Mr. Wu took it and laid it reverently on his lap. He closed his eyes again， with a faint smile of peace on his shriveled lips. 16）我下樓在門口買了幾個(gè)大紅橘子，塞在手提袋里，順著歪斜不平的石板路，走到那小屋的門口。 I went downstairs， bought some oranges on the street， stuffed them in my bag， and headed along the narrow and winding path to the shack. 17）他下意識(shí)地舉起手來(lái)解釋陰與陽(yáng)之間的相互依存關(guān)系。 He involuntarily raised his hand to explain that yin and yang are mutually indispensable and engendering. 六、兼語(yǔ)句 18）我們請(qǐng)王先生下周日同我們一起去登山。 We invited Mr. Wang to go mountain-climbing with us next Sunday. 19）桌上有一本書(shū)寫得很好。 There was one book on the desk which was very well written. 20）是這篇文章啟發(fā)了我，使我改變了主意。 It was this article that illuminated me and made me change my mind. 21）我請(qǐng)他明天晚上到我這來(lái)。 I asked him to come over to me tomorrow evening. 22）老師表?yè)P(yáng)她樂(lè)于助人。 Our teacher praises her because she is always ready to help others. 23）這部電影使我們頗感興趣。 The movie interested us very much. The movie made us interested in it very much. 七、意合句 24）最近二三十年來(lái)，世界的科學(xué)技術(shù)日新月異地發(fā)展，專業(yè)化的分工更細(xì)，協(xié)作的規(guī)模更大。 The recent two or three decades have witnessed the fantastic spurt of science and technology throughout the world with the result that there is a higher degree of specialization and a greater scale of coordination. 八、話題句 25）這個(gè)問(wèn)題我想得頭疼。 It is a headache to me to consider the matter. 26）小王啊，來(lái)不了啦。 As to Xiao Wang， he can’t make his presence. 27）大家在足球場(chǎng)上都盡心盡力，這場(chǎng)球他踢破了兩雙球鞋。 All did their best on the football field. To compete in this match， he even got two pairs of his shoes torn apart. 將漢語(yǔ)句子中的話題轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)句子中的賓語(yǔ)： 28）這本書(shū)我是在教室里發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 I found this book in the classroom. 二、將漢語(yǔ)句子中的話題轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)句子中的狀語(yǔ)： 29）這個(gè)歷史偉業(yè)，我們黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全國(guó)人民已經(jīng)奮斗了五十年。 As for this historic cause， the Communist Party of China has led the whole Chinese people to struggle for 50 years. 三、將漢語(yǔ)句子中的話題轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)句子中的主語(yǔ)或者主語(yǔ)的一部分。 30）玩沙的樂(lè)趣，玩沙的人才知道。 Playing with sand is an enjoyment only for the sand-players. 四、將漢語(yǔ)中現(xiàn)存句的話題轉(zhuǎn)換成地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于英語(yǔ)的”There be”句型中。 31）會(huì)議室里可能還有空位置給你們坐。 There might still be some vacant seats for you in the meeting room. 漢英句子翻譯方法 1. 增譯法 (amplification) 2. 減譯法 (omission) 3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)移法 (conversion) 4. 重譯法 (repetition) 5. 詞序調(diào)整法 (inversion) 6. 分譯法 (division) 7. 正說(shuō)反譯， 反說(shuō)正譯法 (negation) 8. 語(yǔ)態(tài)變換法 (the change of the voices) 1. Amplification 由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言文字之間存在巨大差異，在翻譯過(guò)程中很難做到字詞句上完全對(duì)等。因此，為了準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)出原文的信息，往往需要對(duì)譯文增譯。所謂增譯，就是在原文的基礎(chǔ)上添加必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句，從而使譯文在句法和語(yǔ)言形式上符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣并使譯文在文化背景、詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想方面與原文保持一致，以達(dá)到譯文與原文在內(nèi)容、形式和精神方面對(duì)等的目的。這里的增加不是無(wú)中生有隨意增加，而是增加原文中雖無(wú)其詞卻有其意的一些部分。1) Amplification by supplying Pronouns 2）Amplification by adding necessary connectives， articles， or prepositions 3）Amplification by supplying necessary background words 1、在漢譯英時(shí)，為了保證譯文語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)完整而需要增補(bǔ)詞語(yǔ)得現(xiàn)在大致可分為四類詞：代詞、連詞、介詞及冠詞。 跑了和尚跑不了廟。 The monk may run away， but the temple can’t run away with him. 小不忍則亂大謀。 If one is not patient in small thing， one will never be able to control great ventures. 留得青山在，不怕沒(méi)柴燒。 So long as green hills remain， there will never be a shortage of firewood. 一個(gè)籬笆三個(gè)樁，一個(gè)好漢三個(gè)幫。 A fence needs the support of three stakes， an able fellow needs the help of three other people. 虛心使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward， whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 2、為了保證譯文意思的明確而增詞 增補(bǔ)的詞有：原文中暗含而無(wú)需明言的詞、概括性詞和注釋性詞語(yǔ)例如：誰(shuí)都知道朝鮮戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)是艱苦些。 Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard. 結(jié)婚大辦酒席，實(shí)在可以免去了。 The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. 班門弄斧。 Show off one’s proficiency before Lu Ban---the master carpenter. 三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang---the master mind. 溫故而知新，可以為師也。 A man who is able to review past knowledge and acquire new knowledge is qualified to be a teacher. 學(xué)而不思則罔，思而不學(xué)則殆。 Reading without thinking results in bewilderment; thinking without reading results in peril. 知之為知之，不知為不知，是智也。 When you know something， say you know it; if you don't know it， just say you don't know it. That is wisdom." 我們要對(duì)問(wèn)題做全面的分析，才能妥善解決。大作收到，十分高興。交出翻譯之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒(méi)有要修改的地方。沒(méi)有調(diào)查就沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)。我們要確定兩個(gè)開(kāi)放：一是對(duì)內(nèi)開(kāi)放，一是對(duì)外開(kāi)放�？醇Z食，要看中國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)；看農(nóng)業(yè)，首先要看市場(chǎng)。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved. I was very glad to have received your writing. Before handing in your translation， you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. We have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely to open both within the nation and to the world. To have a better understanding of the food situation in china we must take a full view of her agriculture， and to know the agriculture we must first look at the food market. 王子犯法與民同罪。要提倡顧全大局。鐵飯碗對(duì)畢業(yè)生可以采取“雙向選擇”的制度。 When anyone among the people breaks the law， he too should be punished. We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. “iron rice bowl”， China’s system of lifetime job and income security The two-way choice system can be adopted for college graduates， which means that graduates could choose employers and employers could choose graduates. 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。勤能補(bǔ)拙。知識(shí)的問(wèn)題是一個(gè)科學(xué)的問(wèn)題，來(lái)不得半點(diǎn)的虛偽和驕傲，決定的需要的倒是其反面——誠(chéng)實(shí)和謙虛的態(tài)度。你要有知識(shí)，你就得參加變革現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐。你要知道梨子的滋味，你就得變革梨子，親口吃一吃……你要知道革命的理論和方法，你就得參加革命。一切真知都是從直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)源的。但人不能事事直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)，事實(shí)上多數(shù)的知識(shí)都是間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)的東西，這就是一切古代的外域的東西。 It is impossible to judge people from their appearance， and impossible to measure the ocean by pints./We can’t judge people from their appearance， just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints. Diligence makes up for the deficiency/inability. Knowledge is a matter of science， and no dishonesty or conceit whatsoever is permissible. What is required is definitely the reverse-honesty and modesty. If you want knowledge， you must take part in the practice of changing reality. If you want to know the taste of a pear， you must change the pear by eating it yourself…. If you want to know the theory and methods of revolution， you must take part in revolution. All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. But one cannot have direct experience of everything; as a matter of fact， most of our knowledge comes from indirect experience， for example， all knowledge from past times and foreign lands. 2、Omission 為了使譯文符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和修辭特點(diǎn)。 注意：詞的省略不是原文思想和內(nèi)容的任意刪減。省詞的原則：在譯文中看來(lái)是可有可無(wú)的、或是多余的詞語(yǔ)。其意思已經(jīng)包含在上下文里的詞語(yǔ)。其含義在譯文中是不言而明的詞語(yǔ)。 1）原文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ) 讀書(shū)使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 我們不后退，我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有后退過(guò)，我們將來(lái)也決不會(huì)后退。 We won’t retreat， we never have and never will. 勇敢過(guò)度，即成蠻勇；感情過(guò)度，即成溺愛(ài)；儉約過(guò)度，即成貪婪。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness， affection weakness， thrift avarice. (rhyme) 2）原文中表示范疇的詞語(yǔ) 漢語(yǔ)中的一些名詞，如“任務(wù)”、“工作”、“情況”、“狀態(tài)”、“問(wèn)題”、“制度”、“事業(yè)”、“局面”等用來(lái)表示范疇時(shí)常失去具體意義，一般省略不譯。 在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，中國(guó)人民已經(jīng)完成了解放事業(yè)。 Under the leadership of the Party， the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation. 我們結(jié)束了那個(gè)時(shí)期的社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩和紛擾不安的局面。 We have put an end to the social unrest and upheaval of that time. 多年來(lái)那個(gè)國(guó)家一直有嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象。 For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country. 3）可能影響譯文修辭效果的詞語(yǔ) 花園里面是人間的樂(lè)園，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的綾羅綢緞，花不完的金銀財(cái)寶。（周而復(fù)《上海的早晨》） The garden was a paradise on earth， with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. 日軍所至，殺戮人民、奸淫婦女、焚毀村莊、掠奪財(cái)物，無(wú)所不用其極。 Wherever the Japanese troop went， they massacred and raped， burned and looted， and stopped at nothing. Practice 1、每條河流都有上游、中游和下游。 2、沉默啊，沉默��！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡。 3、中國(guó)人民歷來(lái)是勇于探索、勇于創(chuàng)造、勇于革命的。 4、中國(guó)人民渴望世界持久和平，促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展和共同繁榮。 1、Every river has its upper， middle and lower reaches. 2、Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out， we shall perish in this silence. 3、The people of China have always been encourageous enough to probe into things， to make inventions and to make revolutions. 4、Chinese people long for a lasting world peace so as to promote common development and prosperity. 5、我們要培養(yǎng)分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力。 6、許多家用電器都是在中國(guó)制造的，這些家用電器性能可靠，操作方便。 7、險(xiǎn)灘上，江流洶涌，回旋激蕩，水擊礁石，浪花飛濺，聲如雷鳴。 5、We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 6、A lot of household appliances are made in China， which are reliable in performance and easy in operation. 7、The shoals give rise to many eddies， pounding on the midstream rocks and the river roars thunderously. 8、上有政策，下有對(duì)策，有令不行，有禁不止。 9、雙方認(rèn)為應(yīng)把中美關(guān)系放在世界范圍內(nèi)來(lái)看，應(yīng)著眼于未來(lái)，著眼于21世紀(jì)。 10、他們你一言，我一語(yǔ)，說(shuō)個(gè)沒(méi)完。 11、全體員工精誠(chéng)團(tuán)結(jié)，上下一心。 8、Disobey orders and defy prohibitions. 9、The two sides held that China-US relations should be viewed in the global context and from a perspective of the future and the 21st century in particular. 10、They talked on and on. 11、All the staffs unite in absolute sincerity. 阿壩州風(fēng)光秀麗，山河壯美。座座雪峰聳入云霄，原始森林遮天蓋地，莽莽草原花團(tuán)錦簇，疊溪遺跡神秘奧妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊燦若明珠，藏羌村寨別具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飄香。 The beautiful landscapes of Aba prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains， crisscrossing rivers， and boundless forests and grassland. On this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins， fantastic streams and waterfalls， alpine lakes and Tibetan and Qiang villages. 樂(lè)山水光山色獨(dú)特，地理環(huán)境優(yōu)越，素有“綠楊?yuàn)A岸水平鋪”之稱，舉行龍舟競(jìng)渡得天獨(dú)厚。 Famous for its “tranquil river fringed with rich vegetation”， Leshan in Sichuan Province has the ideal setting for its Dragon Boat Festival. 詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換(Conversion) & 語(yǔ)序的變換(Inversion) 借刀殺人 murder sb. with a borrowed sword 徐悲鴻畫馬畫得特別好！ Xu’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good. 近來(lái)，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)感冒可以通過(guò)人的手傳染. Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts. 1、漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的名詞； 2、漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的形容詞； 3、漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)； 4、漢語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞； 5、漢語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)形容詞或副詞； 6、漢語(yǔ)的形容詞或副詞相互轉(zhuǎn)換或轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的名詞，介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)； 1、漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的名詞；希望你們考慮一下我們的意見(jiàn)。 I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration. 鋼琴家演奏得很出色。 The pianist gave a fine performance. 他害怕他父母撤消已做出的許可。 He feared the withdrawal of his parents'' permission. 他在講話中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 絕對(duì)不許違反這個(gè)原則。 Violation of this principle can never be tolerated. 中國(guó)政府承諾不對(duì)無(wú)核武器的國(guó)家使用核武器。 The Chinese government undertakes non-use of nuclear weapons against nonnuclear countries. 禁止任何叛國(guó)、分裂國(guó)家、煽動(dòng)叛亂及竊取國(guó)家機(jī)密的行為。 Any act of treason， secession， sedition and theft of state secrets is prohibited. 中國(guó)成功地爆炸了第一顆原子彈，在全世界引起了巨大的反響。 China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world. 林則徐認(rèn)為，要成功地制止鴉片買賣，就得首先把鴉片銷毀。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium should be preceded by a destruction of the drug itself. 鄧小平在“十一大”上說(shuō)：“一定要少說(shuō)空話，多做工作”。 Deng Xiaoping said at the 11th Party Congress， “There must be less empty talk and more hard work.” 2）漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為英語(yǔ)形容詞 我非常掛念她。 I am very concerned about her. 感謝你的幫助。 I am grateful to you for helping me. 我為她的健康擔(dān)憂。 I am anxious about her health. 我們切不可滿足于僅僅有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)書(shū)本知識(shí) 。 We should never be content with a little book knowledge only. 獲悉貴國(guó)遭受地震，我們極為關(guān)切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake. 她母親為她的健康擔(dān)憂。 Her mother was anxious about her health. 3） 漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的介詞或介詞詞組 我們?nèi)�體贊成他的提議。 We were all in favor of his suggestion. 他們不顧一切困難，挫折，堅(jiān)持戰(zhàn)斗。 They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. 這種人鬧什么呢？鬧名譽(yù)，鬧地位，鬧出風(fēng)頭。 What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight. 4) 漢語(yǔ)的名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 他的講演給聽(tīng)眾的印象很深。 His speech impressed the audience deeply. 大部分學(xué)生對(duì)老師態(tài)度很恭敬。 Most students behaved respectfully towards their teachers. 該廠產(chǎn)品的主要特點(diǎn)是工藝精湛，經(jīng)久耐用。 The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability. 他在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。 She figured prominently in the last act. 我想男孩子的思維方式與女孩子是不一樣的。 I suppose boys think differently from girls. 5) 漢語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)形容詞或副詞 我們應(yīng)該尊老愛(ài)幼。 we should respect the old and love the young. 這兩種化合物都是酸，前者是強(qiáng)酸，后者是弱酸。 These two compounds are both acids. The former is strong and the latter is weak. 孩子大了，應(yīng)該有自尊心了。 The boy is big(長(zhǎng)大了的)enough to be self-respecting. 中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)將保持持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展。 China will maintain sustained， rapid and sound economic growth. 6) 漢語(yǔ)的形容詞或副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的名詞 街中的一切逐漸消失在灰暗的暮色里。 Everything was gradually disappearing into a pall of grey. 空氣是這樣的清香，使人感到分外涼爽、舒暢。 The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort. 他試圖用熱情的款待把他的窘態(tài)掩蓋過(guò)去。 He tried to cover up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality. 在全國(guó)文明禮貌月中，所有城市必須搞好衛(wèi)生，清除混亂和不禮貌現(xiàn)象。 During the National Civic Virtues Month， all the cities must clean up， and banish disarray and discourtesy. 英語(yǔ)的五種基本句型 SV SVO SVOO SVOC SVC 這個(gè)姑娘很漂亮。[主語(yǔ)+形容詞謂語(yǔ)] That girl is very pretty. [SVC] 老舍是北京人。[主語(yǔ)+名詞謂語(yǔ)] Lao She was from Beijing. [SVC] 這花兒是白的。[主語(yǔ)+判斷謂語(yǔ)] The flower is white.[SVC] 水庫(kù)是1958年修建的。[主語(yǔ)+判斷謂語(yǔ)] The reservoir was built in 1958. [SV(passive)] 他打破了杯子。[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)] He broke the glass.[SVO] 李先生教我們地理。[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)] Mr. Li teaches us geography.[SVOO] 他要我投寄這封信。[主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓/主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(兼語(yǔ)式)] He asked me to post the letter.[SVOC] 天上掛著一輪明月。[ (處所)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)（存現(xiàn)句）] A bright round moon hangs in the sky.[SV] S與V在英語(yǔ)中不可缺少，即使充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)無(wú)實(shí)際意義，也須加上以滿足語(yǔ)法形式的要求葉子黃了。 The leaves turned brown. 看樣子要變天了。 It seems the weather is changing. 當(dāng)時(shí)我在北京。 I was in Beijing at the time. ——是誰(shuí)呀？——是我。 ——Who is it? ——It's me. 不行！ It won't do! 2.3.5 漢英篇章對(duì)比信息結(jié)構(gòu)(information structure) 篇章信息功能 ----- 句子信息結(jié)構(gòu)漢語(yǔ)是主題顯著(topic-prominent)語(yǔ)言。漢語(yǔ)的句子強(qiáng)調(diào)意義和功能，建構(gòu)在意念主軸(thought-pivot)上，句子跟思想的簡(jiǎn)單明確的順序一致。如： 關(guān)于春游，你們建議去哪兒？ 鹽城，那是我的家鄉(xiāng)。 為了完成這個(gè)作業(yè)，他熬了一個(gè)通宵。 上述劃線部分均為主題，而不是主語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)是主語(yǔ)顯著(subject-prominent)語(yǔ)言。英語(yǔ)句子重形式和功能，句子建構(gòu)在主謂主軸(subject-predicate-pivot)上，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間存在一種形式上的一致關(guān)系。 二、結(jié)構(gòu)銜接結(jié)構(gòu)銜接指信息結(jié)構(gòu)之間的銜接，可通過(guò)主位-述位結(jié)構(gòu)或替代、省略、對(duì)偶、排比、反復(fù)等修辭格實(shí)現(xiàn)。如：（1）我仍舊站在那棵柿子樹(shù)下，望著樹(shù)梢上那個(gè)孤零零的小火柿子。（2）它那紅得透亮的色澤，依然給人一種喜盈盈的感覺(jué)。（3）可是我卻哭了。（4）哭那陌生的，但卻疼愛(ài)我的賣灶糖的老漢。 I stood under the persimmon tree， looking at the lone little persimmon. (2) Its flaming redness was a joyous sight， but I cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond of me. I stood under the persimmon tree， looking at the lone little persimmon. (2) Its flaming redness was a joyous sight， but I cried.(3) I cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond of me. 銜接手段(cohesive devices) 一、指稱銜接詞與所指對(duì)象之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系稱為指稱銜接，也稱為照應(yīng)。分類有外指和內(nèi)指；回指和下指。如：1）張明是我的一個(gè)朋友。（外指，“張明”存在于客觀世界中） 2）張明是我的一個(gè)朋友。他是江蘇人。 （內(nèi)指，“他”回指“張明”） 3）他在那邊！張明。（內(nèi)指，“他”下指“張明”） 4）這幅畫是一部用思考和修養(yǎng)完成的杰作，它既有歷史感又有現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)語(yǔ)言的獨(dú)特性。 The painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainments; it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary. 三、詞匯銜接詞匯銜接可歸納為詞的反復(fù)和搭配兩大類。詞的反復(fù)指使用相同的詞、同義詞或近義詞，上義詞和下義詞。如：孔乙己便漲紅了臉，額頭上的青筋條條綻出，爭(zhēng)辯道，“竊書(shū)不能算偷……竊書(shū)……讀書(shū)人的事，能算偷么？” At that Kong Yiji would flush， the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested， “ Taking books can’t be counted stealing … Taking books … for a scholar … can’t be counted stealing.” 詞語(yǔ)的自然搭配，體現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的搭配、動(dòng)詞和名詞的搭配、英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配、名詞與介詞的搭配等。黃浦的夕潮不知怎的已經(jīng)漲上了，現(xiàn)在沿這蘇州河的兩岸的各色船只都浮得高高的，艙面比碼頭還高了約半英尺。 The evening tide from the whangpoo had turned imperceptibly， and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the creek were riding high， their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.J65紅軟基地

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