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Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784)， often referred to as Dr. Johnson， was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet， essayist， moralist， literary critic， biographer， editor and lexicographer.
He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.
After nine years of work， Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755; it had a far-reaching effect on Modern English and has been described as "one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship."
This work brought Johnson popularity and success.
Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 150 years later， Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent British dictionary.
His later works included essays， an influential annotated edition of William Shakespeare's plays， and the widely read tale Rasselas.
In 1763， he befriended James Boswell， with whom he later travelled to Scotland.
Towards the end of his life， he produced the massive and influential Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets， a collection of biographies and evaluations of 17th- and 18th-century poets.
Samuel Johnson often claimed that he grew up in poverty.
He soon contracted scrofula（淋巴結(jié)核）.
An operation was performed that left him with permanent scars across his face and body.
Johnson demonstrated signs of great intelligence as a child.
To earn money， Johnson began to stitch books for his father， and it is possible that Johnson spent most of his time in his father's bookshop reading various works and building his literary knowledge.
In 1728， a few weeks after he turned 19， Johnson entered Pembroke College， Oxford.
After thirteen months， a shortage of funds forced Johnson to leave Oxford without a degree.
He eventually received a degree: just before the publication of his Dictionary in 1755， Oxford University awarded Johnson the degree of Master of Arts. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1765 by Trinity College Dublin and in 1775 by Oxford University.
到了十八世紀中葉，意大利人有了他們的大詞典；甚至世仇法國人也有了他們的大詞典，而英國居然沒有！
但意大利文和法文大詞典都是國家文學(xué)院編的，特別是法文大詞典，四十位院士化了四十年才編成。而英國當(dāng)時沒有相應(yīng)的學(xué)院；英國王室又像英國商人一樣斤斤計較：資助四十位學(xué)者工作四十年，這投資是否收得回來？
只能靠個人在有限幾年內(nèi)編成，這本詞典的市場需要才會轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)可能。頗有幾位文化名人躍躍欲試，仔細考慮之后，卻是個個知難而退。１９４６年，倫敦幾家出版商，聯(lián)手找上了塞繆爾·約翰生。
時年三十七歲的約翰生，是倫敦出名的萬能文人，寫作、評論、翻譯、編雜志，樣樣都來。
因為父親生意失敗，無錢交納學(xué)費，約翰生被迫從牛津中途退學(xué)。因為沒有學(xué)位，約翰生無法擔(dān)任體面的公職。
他又不幸患有抽動障礙， 偶爾會有不合時宜的怪動作，為貴族做個秘書，也可能被解雇。
約翰生娶了個比他大二十一歲的寡婦，收入不繼時只能用妻子的錢。有時自尊心上來了，不愿吃軟飯，就跟朋友在廉價酒吧混通宵。
出版商的開價一千五百個金基尼（約合現(xiàn)在二十二萬英鎊），對約翰生而言是天文數(shù)字，他答應(yīng)在三年內(nèi)交卷。
約翰生其實干了九年才收工。即將完成前，他的朋友勸說牛津大學(xué)有關(guān)人士：這般重要著作，當(dāng)應(yīng)出自牛津人之手。牛津大學(xué)就為約翰生補了個學(xué)位。詞典出版十年后，都柏林大學(xué)授予約翰生名譽博士學(xué)位；又十年，牛津大學(xué)頒了博士學(xué)位。所以現(xiàn)在人們都稱他為約翰生博士。
英國人贊嘆，稱約翰生博士為標準英語奠定基石，使英語趨于穩(wěn)定�，F(xiàn)在，人們將十八世紀下半葉稱作英語史的“約翰生時代”。
伏爾泰等名人仍然建議法國文學(xué)院向約翰生博士學(xué)習(xí)，因為他的詞典里收錄了來自哲學(xué)和自然科學(xué)的例句，而當(dāng)時的法國詞典只有文學(xué)例句。
在編詞典的九年中，約翰生博士受到生活種種打擊。貧窮始終追隨著他。雖然出版商的預(yù)付金，按當(dāng)時的標準不算少，但里面包括了買書、租工作場地和支付助手工資等全部費用。最大的打擊是他的妻子在工作開始后的第六年去世。約翰生一度心灰意懶，幾乎放棄。
David Hume claimed: "The Elegance and Propriety of Stile have been very much neglected among us. We have no Dictionary of our Language， and scarce a tolerable Grammar".
Johnson's Dictionary offers insights into the 18th century and "a faithful record of the language people used". It is more than a reference book; it is a work of literature.
Johnson had to employ a number of assistants for the copying and mechanical work， which filled the house with incessant noise and clutter. He was always busy with his work， and kept hundreds of books around.
In preparation for the work， Johnson wrote a Plan for the Dictionary. Philip Stanhope， 4th Earl of Chesterfield， was the patron of the Plan， to Johnson's displeasure.
Seven years after first meeting Johnson to go over the work， Chesterfield wrote two anonymous essays in The World recommending the Dictionary.
He complained that the English language lacked structure and argued in support of the dictionary.
Johnson did not like the tone of the essay， and he felt that Chesterfield had not fulfilled his obligations as the work's patron.
Johnson wrote a letter expressing this view and harshly criticising Chesterfield， saying “Is not a patron， my lord， one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water， and when he has reached ground， encumbers him with help?”
Chesterfield， impressed by the language， kept the letter displayed on a table for anyone to read.
〖中〗辜正坤 譯注
大人閣下：
頃得《世界報》館主告知，該報近日揭載二文，對拙編詞典，頗有揚善褒薦之詞，聞皆出閣下手筆。厚愛如此，理當(dāng)引為大幸。奈何在下不慣貴人垂青，茫然不知何以領(lǐng)受、何辭遜謝。
憶當(dāng)年，在下小蒙鼓勵，竟斗膽初謁公門。大人之言談豐采，語驚四座，令人絕倒，使在下不禁謬生宏愿：他日或能自詡當(dāng)世：“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”舉世學(xué)人欲奪之殊榮，或竟鹿死我手!
孰料余之趨走逢迎，未蒙絲毫寵幸。爾后余自度不復(fù)干謁此途，自尊與自卑，皆勿與論也。
余本一介書生，不善諂辭，不尚交際，而曾一度當(dāng)眾致語閣下，可謂罄盡取悅文飾之辭。仆思已盡犬馬之勞，雖功效綿薄，又何甘辛勞遭逢白眼之遇也。
回想當(dāng)初侍立君堂，甚或見逐門首，忽焉七載飛去。斯年以來，吾力排艱辛，獨撐大業(yè)，無援手相助，無片言相許，無一笑相期。幸得終竟全功，付梓在即。當(dāng)此時，發(fā)怨尤之詞，恐無益也。然余實從未曾知遇提攜之人，自曾指望過蒙受惠顧。
維吉爾筆下牧童終與愛神相識，方知愛神原只是草野之夫。
設(shè)有人于溺水者奮命中流之際，漠然相對，視若無睹，伺其安全抵岸，方忽急伸援手，反增累贅，所謂贊助人也者，莫非即此輩耶?
大人而今忽有雅興垂顧拙編，倘恩澤當(dāng)初，猶可稱善；奈何此惠顧珊珊來遲，我已心灰意冷，受之諒無深趣；我已鴛鴦失伴，有樂無人與共；我已名播天下，再不需閣下?lián)P譽之辭!在下當(dāng)初既不曾蒙恩．今朝亦無須感德；天帝既助我獨成大業(yè)，今何敢欺世惑眾，默認身后有所謂莫須有之贊助者?在下言辭或有苛刻不敬，還望海涵。
余自承擔(dān)此編撰業(yè)以來，從未獲所謂贊助者分毫，亦使大業(yè)行將告竣，縱或殺青之際倍感艱難無助，余亦絕無失望之心。奢望贊助之美夢，夢破多年；堪笑曾幾何時余亦曾夢中顧盼自雄、自詡為
大人您門下最卑微
最馴順之奴仆
塞繆爾·約翰遜
辜正坤白話體翻譯
近日從《世界報》館主得知，該報刊載了兩篇文章，對拙編詞典頗多舉薦濫美之詞，這些文章?lián)ぞ鲎蚤w下您的手筆。
承蒙您如此的推崇，本應(yīng)是一種榮耀，只可惜在下自來無緣得到王公大人的青睞，所以真不知道該如何來領(lǐng)受這份榮耀，也不知道該用些什么言辭來聊表謝意。
回想當(dāng)年，也不知哪來的勇氣，我竟第一次拜訪了大人閣下。我像所有的人一樣，深為大人的言談豐采所傾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”——雖知此殊榮是舉世學(xué)人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能僥幸獲取。然而我很快發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的趨走逢迎根本沒有得到鼓勵。不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正無法再周旋下去。我本是一個與世無爭、不善逢迎的書生，但那時我也曾用盡平生所學(xué)的阿諛奉承的言辭，當(dāng)眾贊美過閣下。能做的一切我都做了。如果一個人在這方面付出的一切努力（不管是多么微不足道）受到完全的忽視，他是絕不會感到舒服的。
大人閣下，從我第一次候立于貴府門下，或者說被您拒于門外時算起，已經(jīng)7年過去。7年多來，我一直苦苦地撐持著我的編撰工作。這些苦楚，現(xiàn)在再來傾訴，已經(jīng)沒有用處。所幸我的勞作而今終于快要出版，在這之前我沒有獲得過一個贊助的行為，一句鼓勵的話語，一抹稱許的微笑。我固然不曾指望這樣的禮遇，因為我從未有過一位贊助人。
維吉爾筆下的牧童最后終于和愛神相識，這才發(fā)現(xiàn)所謂愛神只不過是巖穴土人而已。
大人閣下，有的人眼見落水者在水中拼命掙扎而無動于衷，等他安全抵岸之后，卻才多余地伸出所謂援手，莫非這就叫贊助人么？
大人而今忽有雅興來關(guān)照在下的勞作，這原本是一樁美意，只可惜太遲了一點。遲到我已經(jīng)意懶心灰，再無法快樂地消受；遲到我已經(jīng)是孤身一人，無從與家人分享；遲到我已經(jīng)名聞海內(nèi)，再不需閣下附麗張揚。
我既然本來就沒有得到過實惠，自然母需懷感恩之心；既然是上帝助我獨立完成這樁大業(yè)，我自然不愿讓公眾產(chǎn)生錯覺，似乎我曾受惠于某一贊助人。但愿上面這番話不致被認為太苛刻、太不近人情。
我已經(jīng)在根本沒有所謂學(xué)術(shù)贊助人贊助的情況下使自己的工作完成到目前這個地步，那么，盡管我將要在更艱難無助的情況下—假如還有可能更艱難無助的話—完成全稿，我也絕不會感到沮喪。因為我已經(jīng)早就從那個贊助的美夢里幡然猛醒；曾幾何時，我還在那夢中得意非凡地自詡是大人
您門下最卑微 最馴順的仆人
塞繆爾·約翰遜 1755年2月7日
The Dictionary was finally published in April 1755.
An important innovation in English lexicography was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation， of which there are around 114，000. The authors most frequently cited include Shakespeare， Milton and Dryden.
Years later， many of its quotations would be repeated by various editions of the Webster's Dictionary and the New English Dictionary.
Besides working on the Dictionary， Johnson also wrote various essays， sermons， and poems during these nine years.
He decided to produce a series of essays under the title The Rambler that would run every Tuesday and Saturday for twopence each.
However， not all of his work was confined to The Rambler. His most highly regarded poem， The Vanity of Human Wishes， was written with such "extraordinary speed" that Boswell claimed Johnson "might have been perpetually a poet".
On 16 May 1763， Johnson first met 22-year-old James Boswell — who would later become Johnson's first major biographer — in the bookshop of Johnson's friend， Tom Davies. They quickly became friends.
Johnson's edition of Shakespeare was finally published in 1765 as The Plays of William Shakespeare， in Eight Volumes ... To which are added Notes by Sam. Johnson in a printing of one thousand copies.
The first edition quickly sold out， and a second was soon printed. The plays themselves were in a version that Johnson felt most true to the original based on his analysis of the manuscript editions.
In 1777， Johnson wrote to Boswell that he was busy preparing a "little Lives" and "little Prefaces， to a little edition of the English Poets". Tom Davies， William Strahan and Thomas Cadell had asked Johnson to create this final major work， the Lives of the English Poets.
Ⅰ（1）、Ⅴ（5）、Ⅹ（10）、L（50）、C（100）、D（500）、M（1000）
Johnson was buried at Westminster Abbey with an inscription that reads:
Samuel Johnson， LL.D.
Obiit XIII die Decembris，
Anno Domini
M.DCC.LXXXIV.
Ætatis suœ LXXV.
He died on __________.
13 December 1784
His Works
1738 London
1747 Plan for a Dictionary of the English Language
1749 The Vanity of Human Wishes
1755 Preface to a Dictionary of the English Language; A Dictionary of the English Language
1759 The History of Rasselas， Prince of Abissinia
1765 Preface to the Plays of William Shakespeare; The Plays of William Shakespeare
1779–81 Lives of the Poets
陸谷孫序言中的約翰遜
The Johnsonian lesson， as I see it， lies first and foremost in the lexicographer’s fervour in reading.
Besides being a purposeful reader with scholarly talons laid on every available book， what other qualities are required of a lexicographer? Using Samuel Johnson as an exemplar once more， he or she has to be a bibliophile or a man or woman of letters， not only keen on reading with gusto but also capable of writing with brio.
Part of being a wordsmith is to know as many languages as possible.
Johnson was conversant in eight while James Murray knew twenty!
Yours Humbly knows only Chinese and English， with six years of Russian in secondary school and one year of college German to boot. However rusty and paltry my knowledge about the latter two languages， it comes in handy in dictionary-making.
For example， it was my knowledge of Russian that helped to decide if the plural form of Bolshevik was Bolsheviks or Bolsheviki， depending on whether the entry was treated as a totally naturalized English word or a Russian loan. As this essay is being prepared， it is the Christmas season of 2006. I have always heard sung and seen as a lighting ornament the word NOEL but had to look it up in a dictionary to know that it comes from Latin “natal” to refer to the birth of Jesus Christ.
Similarly， when I perspired profusely sitting in a sauna， I didn’t know the word had originated in Finnish， the language of a very， very cold country. In such circumstances I would wistfully lament that I didn’t take the trouble of learning more languages in order to be a well-equipped lexicographer.
Another requirement is an extraordinary resolve and unusual fortitude plus pliant mutability when and where necessary.
老少書人搭檔
Dr. Samuel Johnson & James Boswell
約翰生固然因為編纂的字典而享譽，但是真正使他名垂青史、讓世人永志不忘的，卻是后生晚輩包斯威爾為他所撰寫的《約翰生傳》（The Life of Samuel Johnson）。熱愛倫敦的約翰生博士曾經(jīng)說：“當(dāng)一個人厭倦倫敦時，他對人生也就覺得乏味。”仿效這句話，我以為：“當(dāng)《約翰生傳》讓人提不起勁時， 其它書也無法帶給人樂趣。”
自尊心強
由于他嚴重近視，所以得雙手、雙膝趴下，仔細橫量地上的陰溝有 多寬，以便冒險越過。學(xué)校的某位女老師因為擔(dān)心他走錯路、或掉近陰溝、或是被車子撞上，因此尾隨在后。誰知小小約翰生正好轉(zhuǎn)頭看到女老師，覺得她的小 心關(guān)懷有損他的男子氣慨，于是憤怒地沖向女老師，用盡吃奶力氣對她猛打一番。
對蘇格蘭人的偏見
約翰生對蘇格蘭人素有偏見，他在字典中對“燕麥”(Oats)這個名詞所下的定義是：A grain， which in England is generally given to horses， but in Scotland appears to support the people. 此外，他在一次聚會中聽完一個蘇格蘭人盛贊自己故鄉(xiāng)的景象是如何如何雄偉后，回答道：But， Sir， let me tell you， the prospect which a Scotchman ever sees， is the high road that leads him to England!
極具諷刺性的是，對博士崇敬萬分、一心一意想要替他立傳的包斯威爾偏偏是道地的蘇格蘭人。一七六三年兩人初遇的情形著實令人捏把冷 汗，還好博士的嘲諷，并未讓意志堅定的二十三歲少年郎打退堂鼓。包斯威爾日后不僅得到約翰生的喜愛，更說服他在六十四高齡時，兩人結(jié)伴同游西蘇格蘭(約翰生原本所鄙棄之地)的赫布里底群島三個月，日后并分別寫下游記，因而成就文壇另一段佳話。
近距離的觀察
這一老一少長達二十一年的忘年之交，使得包斯威爾得以近距離的觀察、紀錄約 翰生的一言一行。最難能可貴的是，處處討好、巴結(jié)約翰生的包斯威爾，并未把《約翰生傳》變成一本歌功頌德的馬屁書，更沒有將這位拯救民族自尊的英雄寫成一 個無暇的完人。
性格：博聞強記、機智幽默、尖酸刻薄、魯莽沖動、善妒好強、意氣風(fēng)發(fā)、咄咄逼人、拘謹靦腆、憂郁軟弱、霸氣無情、寬容溫情
怪癖：身材粗壯、舉止粗俗，幼年因患淋巴結(jié)核以致顏面變形、視覺神經(jīng)受損(不僅重度近視，而且一眼幾乎全瞎)。
他頭上那頂不合襯的假發(fā)老是歪歪斜斜地掛著、衣服經(jīng)常皺巴巴。
他喝橘子汁后，有偷偷把橘子皮兜在口袋的怪異舉止。
他讀書時總是急急忙忙、狼吞虎咽，在一回宴會上，為了讀完一本書，他在用餐時把書用餐巾包好、放在腿上，一邊饑渴地閱讀，一邊不忘介入席間的娛樂。包斯威爾把當(dāng)時的約翰生比喻成一只爪子緊握著一塊骨頭不放的狗，其嘴里同時還咬著其它東西。
在《約翰生傳》中，傳者包斯威爾卻以第一人稱的敘述發(fā)聲，我們無時不聽到 他的聲音，當(dāng)約翰生開心時，他是個分享者；當(dāng)約翰生孤獨時，他是個伴隨者；當(dāng)約翰生咆哮時，他是個出氣筒，可以忍受冷嘲熱諷，讓自尊被踩在偉人的腳下。每 回讀到包斯威爾為了接近約翰生而展現(xiàn)的天真、熱情與堅忍，我就不得不為他的賣力演出擊掌叫好、為我們今日能有幸閱讀這本精采的傳記而俯首稱慶！
約翰生的字 典在一九二八年《牛津英語大辭典》全集出版前，固然雄霸了一個半世紀之久，但是現(xiàn)在已少有人去翻閱它，反倒是他的性格與談話，因為《約翰生傳》而深植人心，這本書也 使包斯威爾擠身為最了不起的傳記作家之林。這兩個原本一主一從的人物，互相造就了彼此，雙雙成為歷史上不朽的傳奇。
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