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Herman Melville(1819~1891) Date：2013-11-12 Contents Occupation Bank clerk Salesman Farm-hand Teacher Sailor Customs inspector Novelist Poet American’s Shakespeare 1.One of the greatest tragedies in the North American literary history 2.One of the greatest losses to American literature Life Story Of Melville  His childhood was happy to the age of eleven when his father died in debt The married life of Melville was more like that of Scott Fitzgerald than Mark Twain’s For a period of some eight years after his return from sea， he was at his most prolific For the last twenty years of his life Melville worked in the Custom House in New York， going off in the morning and coming home later in the day. Sea Experiences He was a Whaler， about the lowest of sailors. His experiences and adventures on the sea， stood him in rich stead. They furnished him with abundant material for fiction. Marriage(1847) Elizabeth Shaw (daughter of Chief Justice of Boston ) Extravagant lifestyle Writing for money Friendship with Hawthorne Meeting Hawthorne in the summer of 1850 Influenced by his black vision Revising Moby Dick They all represented a position of tragic humanism in their time Melville’s grave Features Earlier Works — drawing upon his sea experiences — black and white Later Works — Reconciliation between man and God — living by the rules of this world Melville’s Major Works Typee «泰比»1846 Omoo «歐穆»1847 波里尼西亞三部曲 Mardi «瑪?shù)?raquo;1849 Pierre «皮埃爾»1852 哲學(xué)性小說 Redburn «雷得本»1849 White Jacket «白外衣»1850 Billy Budd 《比利•巴德》1891 Clarel 《克拉萊爾》( a poem)1876 Moby-Dick «白鯨»，«莫比•狄克»1851 Moby Dick(1851) 小說梗概 小說敘述一位名叫埃哈帕的捕鯨船船長(zhǎng)率領(lǐng)全體船員和捕鯨水手，追捕一條叫莫比迪克的白鯨，莫比迪克是一條令人心驚膽顫，兇殘狡猾的海中怪物，凡是捕鯨的漁民無不聞聲喪膽，談虎色變。埃哈帕的一條腿就是被它吞噬的，因此，他決心捕殺白鯨報(bào)仇雪恨。 捕鯨船在大海中日夜搜捕，終于和白鯨相遇，經(jīng)過三天的追蹤，白鯨終于被魚叉標(biāo)槍所擊中。發(fā)狂的白鯨撞翻了漁船，船長(zhǎng)被魚叉標(biāo)槍上的繩索纏住，一起卷入海中，最后兩敗俱傷，船沉人亡。只有船員伊什梅爾生還，向我們講述這個(gè)悲壯的故事。 人物分析 Pequod:“皮闊德”號(hào)捕鯨船被稱為人類世界的縮影，既是一個(gè)設(shè)備齊全的人類配備充足的生產(chǎn)中心同時(shí)也是個(gè)小社會(huì)。在這個(gè)社會(huì)中，管理機(jī)密，人人各司其職，操作程序有條不紊。 Ahab:埃哈帕船長(zhǎng)是根據(jù)《舊約全書》 中十分刻毒的同名復(fù)仇國(guó)王 的原型塑造的。是人類征服自然的代表，有著普通人所沒有的堅(jiān)毅，剛強(qiáng)，近乎神明。但卻有自私，剛愎自用，瘋狂等陰暗面。是社會(huì)的生產(chǎn)中心和至高無上的主宰。 Moby Dick:自然的代表，自然力量的象征。 Ishmael:伊什米爾是一名教師，希望擺脫平庸的生活，投入了大海懷抱。他是小說的敘述者，是唯一的幸存者。 Themes of Moby Dick 1. Search for truth The story deals with the human pursuit of truth and the meaning of existence. 2. Conflict between Good and Evil. 3. Conflict between Man and Nature. 4. Isolation between man and man; man and nature; man and society. 5. Solipsism (唯我論） 作品理解 通過《白鯨》向人們指出，人必須承認(rèn)自己靈魂中的“惡”；人雖然可以觀察世界，或者對(duì)世界有一定的影響力量，但從根本來說，人不能左右自然征服自然；人只要不冒失的自取滅亡，大自然便樂于讓他平靜的生活。 《白鯨》是作者對(duì)社會(huì)和人生的認(rèn)識(shí)的全面總結(jié)，它描寫了捕鯨工人的辛勤勞動(dòng)和智慧，解釋了資本主義的殘酷剝削。但它的文字有事冗長(zhǎng)，艱澀，給人一種借題發(fā)揮，離題跑偏的感覺。 梅爾維爾超越了時(shí)代的認(rèn)知能力，這是他在世時(shí)收到冷落的根本原因，直到絕望彌漫的20世紀(jì)，他的小說才被大家認(rèn)可。 Symbolism and allegory in Moby-Dick Land : a symbol of safety Sea: adventure and danger The Pequod: the human world The voyage：tends to imply the voyage of mind searching for truth and knowledge of the forces working in the universe that control men and their destiny. 5）The white whale means many things: To Melville， it symbolizes nature， for it is complex， unfathomable（高深莫測(cè)的）， malignant（惡性的）， and beautiful as well. To Ahab， it represents evil. Moby-Dick is like a wall， hiding some unknown， mysterious things behind. Ahab pursued the whale so as to pierce the wall， to root out the evil， but only to be destroyed by evil， in this case， by his own desire， his madness. To the author， the reader and Ishmael， the narrator， Moby Dick is a mystery， a mystery of universe， inscrutable（難以了解的）and ambivalent（矛盾的）， and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search， not a discovery， of the truth. Evaluations D. H. Lawrence on H. Melville “He records also， almost beyond pain or pleasure， the extreme transitions of the isolated， far-driven soul， the soul which is now alone， without any real human contact” Hawthorne “He will never rest until he gets hold of a definite belief. It is strange how he persists… He can neither believe， nor be comfortable in his disbelief; and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other… He has a very high and noble nature.”lxe紅軟基地